Engine Management Essay

Engine Management System ensure that engines run cleanly and efficiently in a wide variety of conditions, they are for the most part reliable and require little or no maintenance. Two basic functions performed by an EMS: (1) to meter fuel to the engine in the right quantity and (2) to provide a spark at the right time. An EMS is a self contained custom built computer which controls the running of an engine by monitoring the engine speed, load and temperature and providing the ignition spark at the right time for the prevailing conditions and metering the fuel to the engine in the exact quantity required. There are two discrete subsystems in operation within the EMS The fuel or injection system and The ignition system. When the engine is running its requirements for fuel and ignition timing will vary according to certain engine conditions, the main two being engine speed and engine load. This Map injection gives the appropriate fuel or timing setting for each possible speed and load condition. There will normally be a map for the injector timings (fuel map) and a separate map for the ignition timing settings (ignition map) within the EMS. Each map has entries for a pre-determined range of engine speeds (called speed sites) and a predetermined range of engine load conditions (called load sites), which generally indicate how far open the throttle is. The EMS knows the engine speed (derived from the crank sensor or distributor pickup) and the engine load (from the Throttle Position Sensor or airflow meter) and will use these two values to ‘look-up’ the appropriate fuel and timing settings in each map. If the current engine telemetry falls between the sites in the map then the value is interpolated between the nearest two sites. Normally there will be speed sites every 500 or so RPM and 8 to 16 load sites between closed and open throttle. In the example below speed sites are spaced every 1000-RPM and the eight load sites are numbered 0 to 7. An all-new line of V6 engines, with more horsepower, powers the 2006 Mercedes-Benz C-Class and more advanced technology than before. The luxury models feature a high-tech seven-speed automatic transmission, and the C350 Luxury sedan has the classic Mercedes balance of ride quality and handling. The line also includes sport models for those who want a sportier driving experience. Inside, the C-Class cars look and feel like a Mercedes-Benz, with firm, supportive seats and mostly high-quality materials. The C-Class delivers Mercedes engineering and safety technology, with optional all-wheel-drive that will improve traction in wet or wintry conditions. New engines for 2006 complement the substantial C-Class updates made just a year ago.   Mercedes redesigned the C-Class interior for 2005, freshened the exterior styling and further distinguished the sport models from the standard luxury sedans. A new six-speed manual transmission greatly improved shift action. New paint technology imbeds microscopic ceramic flakes in the clear coat finish, increasing its resistance to chipping and degradation over time. Aerodynamically, the C-Class cars are among the most efficient in the Mercedes-Benz family. The C-Class boasts a drag coefficient of 0.27, which helps minimize wind noise and improves fuel efficiency.   Interior Features The C-Class interior looks like the inside of a Mercedes-Benz should, and for the most part, it feels that way, too. A model re-alignment for 2006 has increased the level of luxury in the least expensive models. Fabric upholstery and manually operated seats can no longer be found in the C-Class line. The C-Class got a thorough interior re-do for the 2005 model year so the 2006 models benefit from that. The dashboard, instruments and seats were redesigned, and materials were revised throughout. The instrument cluster now features four gauges, with a chromed-ringed tachometer and speedometer of identical size sitting front and center. To the left and right of these are smaller fuel and temperature gauges. In the middle sits an LCD display with various system and trip functions. Fashioned in the mold of the larger Mercedes E-Class, the instrument cluster is deeply hooded and virtually eliminates glare on the dials. The backlit script is clear and easy to read. Audio controls are now located in what we consider the optimal spot: above the climate control switches, which sit at the bottom of the stack. Both audio and climate knobs are large and easy to locate. The switchgear is, for the most part, easy to use and understand. The stalk controls have a beefy feel with positive detents. Redundant buttons on the steering wheel let the driver operate the audio and telephone functions without removing a hand from the wheel. Lighting inside is effective, with good illumination for entry in the dark and excellent map lights for reading. The C-Class glove box is a good size, unless you order the CD changer, in which case you lose most of its storage space. In general, the C-Class sedans are trimmed with good-quality interior materials. Driving Impressions The 2006 Mercedes-Benz C-Class sedans have been improved across the board, thanks to a new family of V6 engines. The least powerful of the new C-Class engines, the 2.5-liter V6 in the C230 Sport sedan, rated at 201 horsepower, offers more power than the supercharged four-cylinder engine it replaces. As important, it is far smoother at all speeds and generally, fewer courses in feel, sound or the amount of vibration it generates. The 228-hp 3.0-liter V6 in the C280 Luxury sedan is much more powerful and satisfying than the anemic 2.6-liter V6 in the 2005 C240 (previously the best selling C-Class). Even the biggest V6, which was our favorite engine on the 2005 models, is much better for 2006. The 3.5-liter V6 in the C350 generates 268 horsepower, 20 percent more than the 3.2 in the 2005 C320, which improves acceleration performance considerably. Matched with either the six-speed manual or the high-tech seven-speed automatic, the new engine makes the C350 more responsive than the 2005 C320. The 3.5-liter V6 has fully variable valve timing to deliver an impressive amount of torque from idle all the way to the red line. The C350 responds more immediately than the C320, no matter how fast it is already traveling when the driver presses the accelerator. The new engine is also noticeably smoother, particularly at high rpm. In addition, thanks the seven-speed automatic, the improved performance comes without a corresponding decrease in fuel mileage. All of the C-Class cars offer nice steering, effective brakes and a good balance between ride and handling. Before choosing between a Luxury or Sport model, C-Class buyers should carefully consider whether a smooth ride or sharper handling is preferred because the trade-off between comfort and response changes with the model. The Sport models are more firmly sprung than the standard Luxury models. All C-Class models are quiet inside, even when blasting along at 80 mph. These sedans are aerodynamically slippery cars, and very little wind noise penetrates the cabin. As mentioned, the C-Class offers a choice of transmissions. The seven-speed automatic that comes on the C280 and C350 Luxury sedans is superior to five-speed automatics that come on most cars (to say nothing of an old-fashioned four-speed automatic). With more gears, it offers better acceleration performance and responsiveness around town as well as enhanced fuel efficiency. Gear changes are barely noticeable in normal driving, especially in the higher gears. This transmission allows significantly quicker acceleration for highway passing situations, and it does not have to go through every gear. Step on the gas and the transmission will skip down to the appropriate gear, switching from seventh to fifth, for example, and from there directly to third, meaning two downshifts instead of four. As for the manual transmission, Mercedes has lowered the ratio for first gear for quicker acceleration off the line, but kept an overdrive sixth gear for quiet, low-rev highway cruising and better fuel economy. More important, the old cable-operated shift mechanism has been replaced by a solid, direct rod. The result is easier, quicker and more precise shifting, and the improved action contributes greatly to a more rewarding, engaging driving experience. Shift effort is low, and the gears are easier to hit. For manual fans, we can heartily recommend the C230 Sport sedan. If you prefer an automatic but want a Sport model, we encourage you to step up to the C350 Sport sedan with the optional automatic. The optional 4MATIC all-wheel-drive system delivers power to all four wheels. It is fully automatic and on all the time, so there are no buttons to push and no special knowledge is needed; just drive the car. The system uses electronic traction control to vary torque each of the four wheels, diverting power to the tires with the best grip. Even if three wheels lose traction, 4MATIC can direct power to the one remaining tire with grip. The result is better stability and improved handling in slippery conditions, with a greatly reduced chance of being stuck. 4MATIC does dampen engine response and slow acceleration slightly, and lowers fuel mileage a bit. However, for those who drive through harsh winters, all-wheel drive is worth it. All-wheel-drive sedans such as the C-Class are proof that you do not need an SUV to confidently handle rough weather. In fact, a car tends to handle better in icy conditions than a truck. We consider all-wheel drive a valuable asset in the rainy Northwest or for the harsh winters of the Midwest and Northeast, and 4MATIC is priced much lower on the C-Class models than it is on other Mercedes models. Braking is excellent. Every C-Class model has good-sized brake rotors, and the Sport sedans feature cross-drilled rotors in front for better resistance to fade. (Braking effectiveness fades away as brakes get hot from repeated hard use.) All C-Class cars come with Electronic Brake-force Distribution (EBD) and Brake Assist. EBD can reduce stopping distances and improve stability when braking by distributing brake pressure between the front and rear wheels, giving more to the tires that are gripping best. Break Assist senses a panic-braking situation and helps ensure full braking force even if the driver makes the mistake of relaxing pressure on the brake pedal. The net effect is short, no-fuss stopping. In everyday use, the C-Class brakes are progressive in pedal feel. The C55 AMG might be the most impressive C-Class yet. It is a sports sedan in the extreme sense, capable of amazing acceleration, and handling and braking on par with exotic sports cars. It is capable of accelerating from 0 to 60 mph in an exotic-grade 4.9 seconds, according to Mercedes. The old C32 was super quick, too, but the C55 is less crude and more refined. Its big V8 engine is smoother, more tractable and less intrusive when a driver is cruising the freeway or just trundling along, and its deep, V8 exhaust note better suits the sportiest C-Class of all. How to maintain the engine of a car If we will take one look, why cars break down? We can see several things. Sometimes cars start having problems after accidents. Sometimes it may be a factory defect or design flaw. Heavy conditions like, for example, driving only short trips without letting the engine to warm up fully also make the engine life shorter. Corrosion is another factor – for example, park the car for a few months in place with high humidity and later it will probably have more problems than the vehicle driven all this time on daily basis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most reasons for a car to break down is maintenance. There are important remainders to maintain the car in good shape. A regular oil change may keep engine running, avoid overheating the engine, changing spark plug, air filter, timing belt and other items from maintenance schedule may save from money. Fixing a small problem will avoid a serious damage in your car. Engine Oil Change Regular oil change is very important in maintaining a car. Engine oil has limited life – after a certain point, it starts losing lubricating qualities and carbonizes. Once it happens, the engine is contaminated with carbon deposits or sludge that significantly shorten engine’s life. When you change oil at or before manufacturer suggested interval, you change the oil before this â€Å"carbonizing† point, engine remains clean and once refilled with new oil ready to work hard again. If the engine oil has not been changed for long, carbon deposits start clogging the oil pick-up screen decreasing oil supply and increasing friction. Through the engine ventilation system the same carbon, deposits build up inside the throttle body and EGR system causing rough idle and possible check engine light. Compression decreases and engine start wearing much faster. If you do not remember when you changed the oil in your car last time – just check the oil on the dipstick. Moreover, every time you change the oil, the oil filter should be replaced as well. For correct oil type, engine oil capacity, maintenance schedule, etc. check your car owner’s manual or find car technical information. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Checking the engine oil Check the engine oil at least once a month or even more if the car has a mileage. Driving with extremely low oil level (less than min.) or with low oil pressure warning lamp on may cause serious engine damage. Have your engine be inspected as soon as possible if the oil pressure gauge indicates extremely low oil pressure. Always use the appropriate engine oil type. Change the oil if you notice that the color is black. Check your parking space for leaks. If you find any, fix it before it results in more serious vehicle problem Concerning the type of oil that you will use there are a comparison with synthetic oil and conventional mineral oil. The advantage of synthetic oil is that it can withstand higher temperature and can work longer without losing its lubricating qualities. It does not get thicker at below-zero temperatures providing good engine lubrication at a cold start. However, since it is more â€Å"thinner† a high-mileage engine filled with synthetic oil will more likely to develop leaks and you will more likely to hear lifters tapping noise at a start. Therefore, If you have low mileage or turbo engine and driving under heavy conditions such as high temperature, excessive load, long intervals without an oil change, etc., or simply want to provide extra protection for your engine, synthetic oil may be a good solution. Nevertheless, I do not think it is worth to use synthetic oil in high-mileage engines – thicker mineral oil will provide better protection as long as you change it regularly. C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Engine cooling system Engine overheating causes serious engine damage. In order to avoid the engine overheating: Check the coolant level periodically. It should be at least at the â€Å"min† mark in the coolant reservoir. If it is lower, add the coolant bringing the level to the â€Å"max† mark. Avoid coolant leak it may cause an engine overheating. The engine temperature start rising higher than the normal, have your engine inspected. Check the front of the radiator – sometimes it may be obstructed with leaves or dust. It is one of the possible reasons for the overheating. Never open the radiator or the coolant overflow reservoir when engine is hot! Tune –up, Timing Belt, Fuel Injector flush There are certain vehicle components that need periodical replacement such as: The fuel filter-dirty fuel filter may cause engine stalling and loss of engine power. Air filter –dirty air filter causes loss of engine power, increased fuel consumption, airflow sensor failure, etc. Engine coolant – old engine coolant loses its anti-corrosive and other characteristics and may cause water pump to fail. Spark plugs – simply spark plugs replacement can significantly improve the engine performance. Timing belt – timing belt failure may cause serious engine damage, especially if it’s diesel engine. Battery The battery filled with harmful acid solution and can produce explosive gases. Handling a battery be careful and always use protective glasses and gloves. Do not use open fire, smoke, or create a spark near battery. Most of batteries nowadays are maintenance free. All you check is battery terminals that should not be loose or corroded. Corroded battery terminals will cause all kind of problem: blinking instrument lights, low charge, no-start, dim headlights, check engine and ABS malfunction light etc. If you see any acid leaks, cracks or any other damage – replace the battery. Acid leaking from the battery destroys everything underneath. If there is any problems with your engine, such as irregular noise or smell, or performance problems, leaks or smoke, or â€Å"check engine† light is on, etc., have your car inspected with a mechanic. It is always better to fix any small problem right away before they can cause engine damage. Be aware, some mechanics will try to scare you because they always want to sell you more job than your car really needs, so always ask to explain everything, to show you what exactly is wrong and why. For vehicles with turbocharger, the Turbocharger serves to pump more air into the engine boosting engine power without increasing the engine volume. This turbo charger works at a very high temperature that why it requires a quality engine oil. Low quality, or old contaminated oil can be easily cooked under high temperature in the turbocharger causing it to fail. Here are some considerations: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If it is not against manufacturer recommendations, use synthetic oil, or at least be very accurate with regular oil changes. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When you stop the car after hard driving (speeding, accelerating, etc.) do not shut the engine off right away, let it idle for a while to cool down the turbocharger. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Very long uphill driving under constant load may also cause turbo to overheat, try to avoid it if possible. There are few tips on how to improve the emission test result. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Change oil before testing. For old or high mileage car using thicker oil may help. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Change spark plugs and air filter if it was a while ago since you have changed them last time. Complete tune-up may be an option for older cars. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Flushing the fuel injectors usually help. Before conducting the test you must check and adjust the tire pressure, fill the car with premium gas. Take a car for a spin on a freeway – it helps to clean spark plugs and catalytic converter and make sure, the engine is fully warmed up before test. If you have check engine light on, exhaust leaks, broken gas cap, or any other problem with vehicle emission system it needs to be repaired before the test – all those items will be inspected during the emission test. Reference: Samarins.com ;Illustrated guide to car buyers and owners. (2006)â€Å"Few tips on engine maintenance† http://www.samarins.com/maintenance/engmain.html Aol.com (2006); â€Å"Engine Management†. http://members.aol.com/dvandrews/ems.htm#topics Auto Mall USA (2006) â€Å" Mercedes Benz C-Class† http://www.automallusa.net/1996/mercedes-benz/e-class/reviews.html Horst Bauer   (2004)â€Å"Diesel Engine Management† Robert Bosch GmbH p.9 Horst Bauer (2004)â€Å"Gasoline Engine Management† Robert Bosch GmbH p.9 Hutchinson Education. (2004) †Fundamentals of Automotive Electronics â€Å" V. A. W. Hillier 1987,1996

Employment Legislation Affecting Recruitment

ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Name:| Pancho Pablo Fernandes| Address:| PO Box, 491, Doha, Qatar| Post code / Zip:| 491| Telephone No:| 00974 55485261| Email Address:| [email  protected] com| Date:| 1 September 2012| Course Name:| Diploma in Human Resources| Tutor Name:| Ms. Kirsty Cousins| Assignment Name:| Recruitment and Selection| Assignment Title:Recruitment and Selection Unit Title:Examine employment legislation with regard to recruitment Course Title: Name:Pancho Pablo Fernandes Date:01 September 2012Introduction In this assignment I will discuss the employment legislation in force that ensure fair manpower hiring protocol thereby safeguarding candidates from being discriminated on different grounds. The assignment task is: * Evaluate current employment legislation as it affects recruitment and selection of personnel Background Employers during the pre-industrialization era were more focused on having the most suitable manpower in terms of strength, color, ethnic background, gender, religion etc.Child labor was well practiced by employers with intention of saving on overheads. There was no concern for safety & suitable working conditions due to inequality of bargaining power between employer & worker. It was through rise and fall of Governments that created various acts outlawing discriminations most of which pertained to employment. Discriminations related acts have come into force mostly during the second half of the 19th century and till date undergo revisions / modifications thereby ensuring fair employment protocol.This assignment will share light on some important legislation concerning recruitment & selection of workers. Analysis Most countries have a set up legal authority / body which monitors company’s recruitment practices. Employment discriminations can be direct or indirect. Direct discrimination is when a group of candidates are treated less favorably in comparison to another group. Indirect discrimination is when certain criteria is impos ed which limits particular group/s of candidates from applying or being appointed for a job, such as built, height, weight.The Equality Act of 2010 (UK) protects discrimination of people under protected characteristics that include age, disability, gender, race, religion, marital status, pregnancy, sex & sexual orientation. The evolvement of following acts defines legislations prohibiting discrimination while promoting equal opportunity and diversity to all; a. Gender – Gender discrimination is controlled by; i. Sex Discrimination Act of 1975 (UK): This act protected both men & women from being discriminated on fronts of sex or marriage. ii.Employment Equality Regulation of 2003 – Sexual Orientation (UK): This act prohibited the employer to discriminate employees on sexual orientation. iii. Equality Act of 2010: Part of this act enables an employer to appoint / promote a candidate although he/she has equal merit that the other but is classified under the protected char acteristics or is thought to suffer a disadvantage of being in such category. A positive action example would be a lady being offered a General Manager role in our organization instead of a male candidate, since the organization mostly awarded such roles to males. . Race / Religion – This discrimination is controlled by; i. Race Relations Act of 1963 (UK): This act prohibited discrimination on grounds of race, color, ethnical background / national origin. ii. Equality Act of 2010 – Part of this legislation defines the â€Å"Positive Action† clause that can be used by an employer to recruit. As an example, a Sri Lankan Muslim candidate could be recruited instead of a Filipino or Indian candidate since the company had most of its workforce from India (Hindus mostly) & Philippines (Christians) c.Age – Age discrimination is controlled by; i. Employment Equality Regulation of 2006 – Age (UK): In addition to gender & race discrimination; employers could not discriminate employees on grounds of age. However the Equality Act of 2010 has superseded this act. ii. Equality Act of 2010 – Part of this legislation defines the â€Å"Positive Discrimination† clause that can be used by an employer to recruit within certain age groups. Example: Since majority of our company’s office level workforce aged below 40, the next recruitment phase could set age criteria as + 40 years. d.Disability – The Disability Discrimination Act of 1995 (UK) was replaced by the Equality Act of 2010. One of its clauses describes that an employer cannot use discriminative questions to asses a candidate’s disability unless the candidate has to complete an exercise as part of the selection process. However, an employer can lawfully question the candidate, asking if he/she needed any reasonable adjustment to enable them perform at an exercise. Conclusion Employment legislations define guidelines for non-discrimination on basis of vari ous factors such as ethnic background, disabilities, gender, age & race.Most developed countries have its own employment legislation defined in a way that it covers most of its population. In the modern world, employers violating employment regulations can be penalized by the law. Sources of Information Internet Research 1. Wikipedia a) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Employment_Equality_Regulations b) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Employment_Non-Discrimination_Act c) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963 d) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sex_Discrimination_Act_1975 e) http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Race_Relations_Act_1976 2. http://www. homeoffice. gov. uk/publications/equalities/equality-act-publications/equality-act-guidance/employment-health-questions? view=Binary 3. http://www. homeoffice. gov. uk/publications/equalities/equality-act-publications/equality-act-guidance/positive-action-recruitment? view=Binary 4. http://www. homeoffice. gov. uk/publications/equaliti es/equality-act-publications/equality-act-guidance/positive-action-practical-guide? view=Binary 5. http://www. equalrightstrust. org/ertdocumentbank/bob%20hepple. pdf

Estimating Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Estimating Process - Essay Example No matter whichever technique is used the estimator is supposed to cover all the aspects of construction project which includes the direct costs i.e. labor, equipment, material, subcontracts and the indirect costs i.e. insurance, permits, taxes , site office expenditure, head office expenditure etc. An estimate actually is the calculation of quantities of materials, work and their costs which will occur during the course of completion of the project. Moreover a good estimate should also incorporate some of the costs which are not evident during the estimation phase but are likely to occur during the execution of the project. Such a predictive expertise requires a lot of experience in the field of estimation. The total of this predicted expenditure in each category is the total estimate of the project. The estimated cost of a work is a close approximation of its actual cost. The agreement of the estimated cost with the actual cost of the project depends on two factors; the correct est imate of the project cost and following the correct procedures according to the designs and specifications during the execution of the project. For the correct estimation of the project, site investigation along with the detailed study of the project drawings and technical specifications is essential. The following are the various aspects of the estimating process: Estimating Using Handheld Devices Estimation process does not only depend on the design and specifications as certain aspects of the cost can only be calculated through thorough site investigation by visiting the site. During site investigation an estimator has to take and record certain on-field observations for which handheld estimation and recording devices are very useful. The data thus collected can easily be transferred to the desktop computers for carrying out extensive calculations. Types of Estimates Estimates in construction have been divided into various types according to the extent of details in the estimate. These types are: 1. Conceptual Estimate: It is prepared to realize the concept and idea of the owner which allows the owner/investor to have an idea about the required investment for the project and he sets a budget for the project. 2. Preliminary Estimate: These estimates are prepared at the very start of the project by the designer for the owner of the project to judge whether the architect’s/engineer’s design is in accordance with his budget or not. 3. Engineer’s Estimate: After the preliminary estimate which is based on the preliminary designs the design engineers and architects complete the detailed design of the project and the engineer’s estimate is based on these detailed designs and specifications. This helps the owner to set a criterion for the bids. 4. Bid Estimate: The bid estimate is also a detailed estimate which is prepared by the contractor and his bid is based on this estimate after adding a profit factor to it. Cost Centers Cost Centers are the various heads into which the project is divided to facilitate the estimating process i.e. foundations, columns, beams, slabs, partition walls etc. These are further subdivided into categories like excavation, formwork, masonry work etc. This approach helps organizing the estimation data as well as carrying out the estimate accurately. Estimating accounts and cost accounts are two types of cost centers which are the cost of these heads and subheads.

Contemporary Issues in Financial Services Essay - 1

Contemporary Issues in Financial Services - Essay Example Financial intermediaries bring together borrowers and lenders in financial markets by interacting with savers and borrowers simultaneously and by producing a set of services facilitating the transformation of liabilities into assets like transforming deposits into loans. Though financial markets can also bring together lenders and borrowers directly, still the existence of financial intermediaries is of utmost importance. This is because the direct lending approach between savers and borrowers has proved inefficient as this process can be directly traced to the barter system where there is always a need for double coincidence of wants. This function of transformation is termed as intermediation. Through this process, financial intermediaries facilitate savers and borrowers to have indirect lending and borrowing. Financial intermediaries can be banks, building societies, financial advisor or broker, insurance companies, life insurance companies, mutual fund and pension fund. Firstly, national bank serves as a financial intermediary by accepting deposits and placing in various securities and mortgage loans. By doing this, individual investors are linked by banks with financial markets and demanders of credit. The intermediaries actually act as a middleman between firm raising funds and investors (Rampini & Viswanathan, 2012, pp.1-2). Requirement of financial intermediary Though financial markets can also bring together lenders and borrowers directly, still the existence of financial intermediaries is of utmost importance. This is because the direct lending approach between savers and borrowers has proved inefficient as this process can be directly traced to the barter system where there is always a need for double coincidence of wants. People with savings will want to lend the amount available with them for a particular time period. For this, one will have to find a person who needs approximately the same amount of fund for the same time period. Searching of such a person is a difficult task. Again, direct lending necessitates a negotiable contract. Transactions of repayments of principle and interest are required to account for. Direct lenders will have limited ability to diversify and minimum exposure to default risk by lending small amounts to many borrowers but the transaction costs would be relatively higher. Here financial intermediaries reduce the transaction costs and minimize risks. Thus, it improves the economic efficiency. Generally, the financial intermediaries perform the following functions: i. It facilitates transactions. ii. It creates a portfolio. iii. It spreads risks over time. iv. It eases household liquidity constraints. v. It reduces the problem of asymmetric information. In addition to intermediation, sometimes brokerage function also takes place by financial institutions in bringing together buyers and sellers to complete financial transactions. Stockbrokers specialize in brokerage to perform such task. Types of fina ncial intermediaries Fee based or advisory financial intermediaries These financial intermediaries charge a fee for rendering advisory financial services. Their services include: i. Issue management ii. Underwriting iii. Portfolio management iv. Corporate counselling v. Stock broking vi. Credit syndication vii. Mergers and acquisitions viii. Debenture trusteeship ix. Capital restructuring Asset based financial intermediaries The specific requirements of customers are met by these financial intermediaries. They provide the required asset or finance for rent or interest respectively. The income is earned by them from

Foundations of Management for Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Foundations of Management for Healthcare - Essay Example Taylor was one of the main contributors in the theory of scientific management. In fact, he is referred to as the father scientific management. Taylor proposes that organisation need to do a study on tasks and then develop appropriate procedures (Cliffsnotes par 3). For instance, organizations can make calculations on how to improve the performance of its employees by using correct procedures and movements. According to Taylor, people are significantly motivated by money. The study conducted by Tylor on the steel company Indicated that An organisation can significantly increase its product by the use of appropriate management practices in organisation of the tasks (Cliffsnotes part 4). The study further indicated that employees’ productivity can be improved though effective management and arrangement of activities in an organisation. For instance, the employees’ productivity increased significantly. This can be realized through development of the appropriate incentives to induce employees to put more effort. This contribution was of great significance in the management of organizations. This principle can be of great significant in the heath care. Application of this principle can lead to an increase in the level of employees’ productivity hence increased level of services. According to Mayo, for an organisation to be successful, it should not only consider the monetary needs of its employees, but also the non monetary needs (Scribd par 4). According to this principle, people are motivated by social needs as well as good job relationships. In addition, people will tend to be better to work in a group relationship rather than individuals. According to this principle, satisfaction of psychological needs should be packed in the front line in every organisation. McGregor did an intensive examination of the theories of individual behaviors at the workplace. Through this examination, he

The hidden power of smiling Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The hidden power of smiling - Assignment Example He indicated smile does not start when people are in the physical life but through the analysis of radio scan information, he found that babies in the womb smile and this continues after birth where, normally, children smile up to four hundred times each day. Gutman noted that a research carried out among sportsmen who smile differently indicated that they have different life span where those who rarely smile are likely to live an average of 70 years while those who smile a little live up to an average of 72 years and those who smile much have an average lifespan of 80 years. He mentioned that only a few adults rarely smile less than fourteen times a day and that they are usually very gloomy and perceived unwelcoming by the other people, but those who do it more than that, have a brighter life. In his analysis, Gutman indicated that a smile is evolutionary contagious and makes a person to feel good and therefore, if a person stays next to others who are smiling, they are likely to sm ile as well. In his argument, Gutman says that smiling stimulates the mind very much, more than the simulation that can be caused by 2000 bags of chocolate, which people like much or 16000 dollars in cash.

Capital Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Capital Punishment - Essay Example Capital Punishment Whatever crime the person has committed, killing should be considered as the last result. He further argues that communal policy should respect the value of human life. When administering a severe sentence on someone, caution must be taken to avoid any error. This is because if flaws occurs which result to guiltless person falling victim, the situation cannot be reversed and this will be injustice to a guiltless person. He adds that different punishments should be administered for different offenses, and that slighter penalties should be considered where the situation warrants. However, there is always a dilemma in deciding the best penalty for specific offense. According to Bedau (424), the law offers protection to people responding to threat on their lives or protecting the lives of other people. In such situations, the person responding to a threat is considered guiltless even if he or she hurt the attacker. He says that there is no evidence whatsoever that the attacker would real ly cause any harm to anybody. He argues that the law should take into consideration the all the means which were at respondent’s disposal to avoid the attack. For example they should run away from the threats instead of counterattacking the person frightening them. By escaping, they would have avoided trouble with anybody and they could not hurt anyone.However, when they respond by attacking the person who was threatening their survival, they result to similar incidence of assault or murder before the law. After all there was no surety that they would really be attacked or injured, therefore, the fact that someone was threatening to assault them is not enough reason for committing a crime. Finally he argues that there is probability that even if they were assaulted, the magnitude of this assault would be less severe that the one they caused by counterattacking the other person. There should be no exercise of unnecessary power for personal protection. According to Bedau (428) capital punishment lack fairness from the manner in which it is executed. For example, if a person murdered another one and is taken to court, the execution of his death may be more lenient that which he or she committed. This may be the case if for example the penalty is executed through electrocution. This form of death may be more tolerable than killing by strangling or any other method which the criminal may have used. Also in some place like United States of America, substantial racism prevails because black Americans are likely to be killed compared to white counterparts even if they committed similar offense. This implies that the actual meaning of punishing the crime is not achieved due to failure to follow the right channel of charging for the crime (Newsweek, 0209). In addition, suspects of crimes are taken before the authority and legal processes followed to decide the case. This may take several months or year before it comes to completion. Even after the bench ruling th at the criminal will be hanged; the process may take some time. This will end up causing additional pain to the guilty person which was not the case with the victim of murder. This implies unfairness in execution on death penalty because delayed justice is justice denied. According to Haag (365) the law mandates police, judges and other parties

Contact Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contact - Assignment Example Fitlife's quoted prices are based on the approved date of send out, and apply all through the period of contract, unless otherwise put forward. Packing, carriage, Sales Tax (where applicable) dues taxes, or other charges are extra to the quoted price and payable by the Customer whether or it exists at the date of quotation or contract, unless otherwise agreed in writing. Quotations in currencies other than Australian dollars, are subject to disparity in price based on variation between the exchange rate appropriate at the date of quotation and that appropriate at the date of payment(http://www.Universitypaton. com.au/pdfs/tandc.pdf, retrieved 17 September 2009). (b) Liability for GST (payable in respect of any taxable supply) is extra. It has to be paid by the buyer to the Company when the price and other moneys are payable(http://www. universitypaton.com.au/pdfs/tandc.pdf, retrieved 17 September 2009). the securing and/or shipment or delivery of the goods to the buyer is forestalled or held up by any reason outside our control the delivery and/or shipment shall be extended accordingly(http://www. universitypaton.com.au/pdfs/tandc.pdf, retrieved 17 September 2009). Since the Company is not the producer of the goods it does not give any guarantee with regard to the quality and does not accept any liability in respect of any blemish in or failure of the goods supplied. The purchaser assumes the guarantee of the manufacture which is the only guarantee given to the buyer in respect of the goods. The Company accords to allocate to the buyer on demand the advantage of any warranty or right to the goods that the manufacturer has contracted to the Company(http://www. universitypaton.com.au/pdfs/tandc.pdf, retrieved 17 September 2009). References: http://www. universitypaton.com.au/pdfs/tandc.pdf, retrieved 17 September 2009. http://www.advancedfit.com.au/page/terms_conditions.html retrieved 17 Sept

Managing Entrepreneur Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managing Entrepreneur Growth - Essay Example The interviewed entrepreneur, Raif, gave confident opinions and answers in order to confirm the theory. According to the theory of entrepreneurial growth, he gave the idea of being a good entrepreneur and a democratic leader. This has been indicated in the interview by the fact that he runs the family business by involving everyone into it and obtaining the clients’ feedback. He encourages his stakeholders to participate in the decision-making process of the company, as a result of which, the customers, along with providing the feedbacks, also give their suggestions as to what the new product should be like. This helps the entrepreneur manage the creativity and innovation in the product and services being provided. This also confirms to the theory of entrepreneur being creative which has been discussed above. Moreover, Raif also says that his business is trying to compete with the rivals and bringing a new product every year and considers baklava to be more profitable and call s it ‘gold line’. Thus, he is fully aware of the strengths of his business and is a challenging risk taker, ready to take a risk in the form of new product every year. The entrepreneur of the Swan Sweets has also confirmed to the theory of being proactive and promoting expansion. He intends to go international and expand his business geographically to as far as Singapore, Malaysia, WA. But this planning for expansion has been done very carefully and he is well aware of all the places around the world which contain his target markets and potential customers.

Book Report Six Pages Total Double Spaced and The Name Of The Book Is Term Paper

Book Report Six Pages Total Double Spaced and The Name Of The Book Is (So Much Reform) and the aurthor is Charles M. Payne - Term Paper Example The book focuses on the disconnection existent between educational policy and the said realities of urban schools. Payne seeks to define failure and looks into the causes; he refers to them as hardly surprising. In reference to this, the book proves just how much information Payne has accumulated on the said failures about which he writes (Payne, 2008). As regards the causes of failure, Payne indicates that it is due to reformers, policy-makers and school communities that urban schools fail to meet their goals. This is because they focus more on reforms but not what the reforms can do to aid their performance and achievements of the schools they represent. What he considers surprising is the fact that reformers, school communities and policy-makers never seem to learn from the mistakes they make. This is in relation to the knowledge that they accumulate in the process of improving the public school system and lack of implementation of the experiences they acquire. The failure of adults to learn lies in the basis of social issues ranging from racism and poverty to privatization of public interests. Payne shows the relationship between social failures and those that affect public school systems. The dysfunctional social systems result in overall failure of implementation of relevant social and educational understandings (Payne, 2008) . As a result, the thesis of the book revolves around failures of various stakeholders in the education sector and the entire book keeps referring to the point of failure. In addition, according to the thesis, this situation remains repetitive based on mutual demoralization of schools as organizations and manifestation of the irrationality of actions taken by schools. In addition to the thesis statement, Payne intertwines various other concepts of failure in the book to demonstrate his point and air his view openly for open interpretation by members

System Law Essay Example for Free

System Law Essay Law is a system that can give a person rights, restrictions, and forbid a person from many different acts. Laws are to protect communities in many different forms. It was designed to protect our rights as Americans. It is also set to protect people as consumers and business owners alike. Although, many people refer to law as a restriction it is also a protection for many people. The most known way law is a protection is for consumers and business owners. It protects consumers from false advertising, which protects the health or well-being of a consumer. It protects business owners in some situations by allowing business owners to own their business separate from their personal finances. I am currently employed with Southwest Securities, FSB. Southwest Securities is a full service bank and investment firm. Over the most recent years banking has been under the gun for many changes in the law and also regulations for protection of consumers and banks around the country. Currently my bank is operating under a cease-and-desist order that is allowing us to make changes on our policies to better the company. Southwest Securities FSB, as mentioned is a full service bank for customers. There are many regulations to follow in banking. Regulation E protects the bank and consumer on electronic funds transfers which includes ATM, debit cards, bill payment, and online banking transfers. Any transaction that is considered â€Å"electronic† and requires no paper is covered by this regulation. When a customer comes in to open an account they are given a disclosure that covers this regulation and outlines the companies policies for this regulation. The most common regulation that is used the most is regulation CC. This regulation is known as the funds availability policy. This policy protects our banking customers and our bank. This allows the bank to place a hold on a check that is a large amount, a check that is forged, or a check we believe is no good for any reason. This policy protects the consumer from immediately using funds on a check that may bounce or be returned. This also protects the bank from having to pay for an overdraft on a customer’s account. If the bank doesn’t place a hold on the account then the bank may end up covering the costs to put the customer’s account back in the positive. The cease-and- desist order that was put on our bank is an order that was issued from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). We were placed under this cease-and-desist order because we had many loans that were not being paid off and the bank was taking a large loss on these loans. The FDIC ordered our bank to follow certain rules and meet certain requirements for them to â€Å"lift† the order. One of the many changes the bank made was we changed our Board of Directors. The new Board of Directors has changed many policies and has worked closely to meet regulators requests. We have part of the order lifted already but we are restricted on the types of loans that we can originate at this time. With continued efforts, improvements on policies and ensuring we are following all banking laws closely the bank will be able to lend money again in the near future. These regulations listed above are just the beginning of laws that apply to banking but they are the ones that are referred to daily in my job duties. The law is not used just to protect businesses and consumers. It is also used to protect us as citizens. For instance, a person who feels they were wronged by another person or has a debt due to them from someone else may file in civil court.

Red Lake High School Shooting Essay Example for Free

Red Lake High School Shooting Essay Jeffrey James Jeff Weise was an Ojibwe Native American adolescent, and a student at Red Lake Senior High School in Red Lake, Minnesota. He killed nine people and wounded five others in a shooting spree on March 21, 2005, when he was just 16 years old. Weise first murdered his grandfather and grandfathers girlfriend at his trailer home in Red Lake. He then shot and killed an unarmed security guard, a teacher and five students at Red Lake Senior High School. The shooting ended when Weise committed suicide. Research shows that Jeff was a strange young man, interested in Gothic things black clothing and Nazism, but a look a little further into his past led to a few interesting revelations. Jeff’s parents were never married, because his mother was only 17 when she gave birth. She was forced to give Jeff to his father when he was three months old. Then when he was two his mother took him back. She was reportedly an abusive alcoholic with a tendency to both physically and emotionally abuse her first born son. In 1997 Jeff’s father committed suicide after a two day standoff with police. Then in 1999 his mother suffered brain damage after a car accident in which she had been drinking and driving. Jeff was then placed in the care of his grandmother at the Red Lake Reservation. Jeff did not have the right start in life. His parents should have been older and more ready for a child when he was born. They also should have been married. Jeff also should have had a more stable home life as an infant. It is doubtful that he had a firm attachment with his mother or father considering that he was passed between them at 3 months old and 2 years old. He also should not have been physically or emotionally abused. His mother failed him in that aspect and the fact that she was an alcoholic makes it even worse. It is also doubtful that Jeff dealt with his father’s suicide in a healthy way. He did not have the support that he should have had from his mother. By the time he got to his grandmother’s care he had already led a very difficult life. This ties in to every chapter that we have discussed so far. It refers to attachment, abuse, adolescence and everything. It all goes back to the first thing we talked about that said when parents fail to give their child a good start in life everybody suffers, as is the case with the families of Jeff’s victims.

Changes in International Financial Markets

Changes in International Financial Markets What forces have brought a rapid change in the field of IFM? Today’s financial reality is that fiat money knows no national boundary. We do live in a global village era. Development in one country or region can spill over across borders. One branch of study that consider the financial landscape is Financial Management (FM) which is mainly concerned with optimal financial decisions, such as those pertaining to corporate finance with a view to maximize shareholders’ wealth. In case of International Finance the objective becomes more complex and importance of Management is inevitable because it is intricate to determine exchange rate fluctuations and to forecast the cash flow. So, International Finance Management (IFM) is thus, essential for financial managers to fully understand vital international dimensions in the light of maximizing stakeholders’ wealth. Rapid Changes In International Financial Markets Brought About By: The Internationalization Phase On the forefront, the greed to go international stems from the quest of being market seekers, raw material seekers and cost minimizers. Internationalization refers to the increasing importance of international trade, international relations, treaties, alliances and so forth. For these reasons, FM has expanded its global footprint. Included in this wave were the efforts to introduce a dramatic new commercial reality—the global market for standardized consumer products on a previously unimagined scale. Subsequently, IFM provides the required tools and expertise to deal with the international complexities encountered on the way. The Invisible Hand According to neo-classical economics, the market, left of its own devices, will efficiently allocate goods, resources, and services. Promising to benefit the entire globe via unfettered trade and growth, Adam Smith, the father of â€Å"invisible hand†, argued that the basic forces of supply and demand will help allocate resources efficiently. Consequently, the notion of the free market has expanded and today it is practiced on a global scale thus, further fuels the practice of IFM. Advances In Technology IFM gained momentum in the wake of a technological world. Technology has long been a crucial behind-the-scenes financial collaborator. On one side of the coin, online transactions allow for very fast movements of capital between countries, facilitating information dissemination, and clearance and settlement payments without the need of a physical marketplace – often in a matter of seconds. It reduces the cost of doing business internationally. On the flip side, these advances threaten to eclipse the international infrastructure. The importance of IFM is critically questioned when hackers have access to sensitive information with a few clicks of a computer mouse. Liberalization IFM came into being when various countries started opening their doors to each other. This phenomenon is well known as â€Å"liberalization† whereby entrepreneurshad the freedom to capitalizethe opportunity to step their foot in different parts of the world. The spark of liberalization was further aired by swift development in telecommunications and transportation technologies. The resultant of liberalization is today’s dynamic IFM. Globalisation Companies today operate on a global stage and can ignore this fact only at their peril. The term globalization is no longer a buzzword; it already transpired. For Khoo (2003), globalization is understood as the trans-boundary movements of capital, people, goods, information and culture, burst into intellectual awareness in the late 1980s and the 1990s. Globalization allows firms to view the world as one marketplace for all goods and services. The impetus for globalized financial markets came from the governments that had begun to deregulate their foreign exchange and capital markets. For instance, in 1980 Japan deregulated its foreign exchange market. Perhaps the most celebrated deregulation occurred in London on October 27, 1986, and is known as the â€Å"Big Bang.† On that date, the London Stock Exchange eliminated fixed brokerage commissions. These changes were designed to give London the most open and competitive capital markets in the world. It has worked, and today the competition in London is especially fierce among the worlds major financial centers. Deregulated financial markets and heightened competition in financial services provided a natural environment for financial innovations that resulted in the introduction of various complex and sophisticated derivatives products, in particular in over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives markets with interest rates and equities as underlying securities. While the lever aged nature of derivative instruments poses risks to individual investors, IFM provides scope for a more efficient allocation of risks. Integration After the Second World War, the outstanding ingredient influencing trends in IFM is integration. The boundaries between national markets rapidly became blurred leading to the emergence of a global unified financial market. Banks in major industrialized countries increased their presence in each others countries considerably. Non-resident borrowers on an extensive scale are tapping major national market such as the US, Japan, Germany. Today both the potential borrower and the potential investor have a wide range of choice of markets. There are various challenges from the environment and accordingly the scope and relevance of IFM has increased in recent past. Capital Mobility The international mobility of capital has benefited firms by giving them more financial options which has made international finance more dynamic and complex. Capital moves around the world in huge amount; corporations are free to access different markets for raising finance. The enormous opportunities of investments, savings, consumption and market accessibility have given rise to IFM. It is important to note that in IFM, stakeholders are spread all over the world. This development allows investors to diversify their investment portfolios internationally. In the words of a recent Wall Street Journal article, â€Å"Over the past decade, US investors have poured buckets of money into overseas markets, in the form of international mutual funds. At the same time, Japanese investors are investing heavily in US and other foreign financial markets in efforts to recycle their enormous trade surpluses. Privatization The economic integration and globalization that began in the eighties was picking up speed in the 1990s via privatization. Privatization is the process by which a country divests itself of the ownership and operation of a business venture by turning it over to the free market system. Additionally, privatization is often seen as a cure for bureaucratic inefficiency and waste; some economists estimate that privatization improves efficiency and reduces operating costs by as much as 20 per cent. Free- Trade Agreements And Rise of Regional Economic Blocs The doctrine of comparative advantagestates that everyone gains if each nation specializes in the production of those goods that it produces relatively most efficiently and imports those goods that other countries produces most relatively efficiently. In this vein, during the post-war years, theGeneral Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT, founded in 1947)was established in order to improve trade. It has played a key role in dismantling barriers (tariffs, subsidies, quotas) over the years, as a result of which international trade grew manifold. The financial participation of the traders exporters and importers and the international transactions flowed significantly. It also created a permanent World Trade Organization (WTO), which has more power to enforce the rules. Also, The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has give promoted international trade and given it a shape. These advancements put into the idea of FM both domestically and globally. On the regional level, formal arrangements among countries have been instituted to promote economic integration. The European Union (EU) is a prime example. The EU includes 28 member states that have eliminated barriers to the free flow of goods, capital, and people. The EU is one of the most advanced forms of economic integration, a free trade area (like the NAFTA) is the most basic. Recently, however, the euro’s emergence as a global currency was dealt a serious setback in the midst of the debt crisis. It started in December 2009 when Greece revealed its budget deficit, surprising financial markets. The panic spread to other weak European countries, making borrowing and refinancing extremely costly and threatening the nascent recovery of the world economy from the global financial crisis of 2008. This debt crisis revealed a profound weakness of the euro as the common currency: the participating countries have achieved monetary integration, but without fiscal integration. Mea ning that taxation, spending, and borrowing remain under control of national governments. Therefore, a lack of fiscal discipline in one country can become a Europe wide crisis. So, what has been the role of IFM? Even the effective use of IFM could not prevent the disaster. The Rise of MNCs All because of liberalization and those international agreements, we have a buzz word called â€Å"MNC† i.e. Multinational Corporations. In the post WTO regime (after 1999 onwards), it has became pertinent to note that MNCs enjoy an edge over other normal companies because of its international setting and best opportunities with their world-wide. IFM has become an important wing for all big MNCs. Without the expertise in IFM it can be difficult to sustain in the market because international financial markets have a total different shape and analytics compared to the domestic financial markets. A sound management of international finances can help an organization achieve same efficiency and effectiveness in all markets. So far, so good! Foreign exchange risk As discussed above that globalization opened new horizons, but it also brings companies to a variety of risks that they can face while operating in an international arena and in this regard IFM is the only solution to mitigate these risks. One such risk is foreign exchange risk Seventeen years ago, The Bretton Woods System gasped its final breath whereby the present International Monetary System set up is characterised by a mix of floating and managed exchange rate policies adopted by each nation keeping in view its interests. The foreign exchange risks states the variation in the prices of currency will have a tendency to convert a profitable deal to a loss making one. If the only tool you have is a hammer, every problem looks like a nail. The wisdom of this old adage is just as applicable in risk management. IFM provides a variety of hedging techniques to control foreign exchange exposure since it jeopardizes profitability of all firms. They consider any use of risk management tools, such as forwards, futures and options that previously were virtually unknown. Financial innovation has played a role in promoting this unexpectedly good economic performance. At the same time, IFM has helped to raise global growth and to have made the economy more flexible and more resilient. Conclusion The foremost rapid changes in IFM have been the accelerating globalisation and integration. These developments have been fostered by the liberalisation of markets, rapid technological progress and major advances in telecommunications. Further the scope of IFM has widened its horizon with mechanism supported by multilateral trade agencies like WTO- and regional blocks like ASEAN, NAFTA, EU etc and the emergence of innovative financial instruments. In view of globalization and its impact on the economy of the world, it is pertinent to note that the theory and practice of IFM is in consonance with the tax environment, legal obligations, foreign exchange rates, interest rate fluctuation, capital market movements, inflationary trends, political risk and country risk, micro and macroeconomic environment changes, ethical constraints etc. These problems can be managed through proper adaptation of IFM methodologies. IFM is crucial to the success of every multinational business because the increase in complication and challenges for managers. The current scenario and outlook for evolution of the IFM registered sharp deterioration over the last years. To a great extent, the unfavorable environment is a result of cutbacks in net inflows of private capital. Among the factors responsible one could list the slow pace of world economic recovery, particularly in the United States in the wake of the 2007 recession; Ponzi scheme frauds; forecasts of lower business profits; reductions in consumer confidence; and accentuated growth in risk aversion on the part of investors. References Online EBook: Eun−Resnick: International Financial Management, Third Edition I. Foundations of International Financial Management.  © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004

Samuel :: Short Stories War Violence Essays

Samuel He looked into her eyes and proceeded to tell her how beautiful she was to him. He had to her many times before, and every time she would smile and look away. Sometimes he wasn’t really sure how things came to be. No-matter how bad things had become, he always found strength in her. Now there was a baby on the way, his whole life was turning around. The child was born in a place where war and hardship had become a commonality. He was given the name Samuel by his mother. Before Samuel was even born, his father was killed while fighting on the outskirts of town, and in his mother’s heart there was left a hole that was kept from consuming her only by the hope and anticipation of her son that would soon be born. Still, she could not imagine bringing a boy up in such a war ravaged place, and without a father. However, she loved her son enough to keep them both alive, and for twelve years they held strong against the harsh cold, bullets, and starvation. Like Samuel’s father, death and war would soon claim Samuel‘s mother. The inevitable occurred when Samuel’s mother was hit by gunfire in the market place. Now he was alone. His mother, the only person who loved him, had gone. He ran to her that day and held her head and prayed for her life. She was gone before she even touched the ground. Still the boy held her. He felt sick and cold on the icy asphalt but he could not move. However, he did not cry. Maybe he could not cry. He was strong, and naturally he would stay strong through the tough times, but this was different. He felt something he had never felt before. He quickly learned the ways of war and learned to fight. He could no longer find forgiveness or wholeness in his heart. For the next part of his life he was driven only by his vengeance and passion for his dead mother. Nothing anyone could say or do could mend his broken heart. He was too consumed by the void in his life that the kind words of friends and cousins had become little more than echoes in an endless gray space.

Life Is Like The Movies :: essays research papers

Going to the movies is fun. You get your candy and your drink and are taken away into a fictional world for two or three hours, then leave the theater and get back to reality. But is what you're going back to really reality? Plato said no. In the "Allegory of the Cave" (chapter XXV) in the The Republic he proposes that we all live like people in a movie theater, only he uses prisoners in a cave to illustrate the situation. He creates an image of prisoners, chained down in a cave, so all they could see was shadows created by puppets in front of a fire on the cave wall. Their reality was merely the shadows and it is the same for us (as the common man.) According to Plato, our reality is nothing more than figurative "shadows." Everything in the cave can be attributed to a part of society. The fire can be equivocated to "unwisdom" (229) or even evil, and in society is created by the greed that some have for power over others. It is the driving force behind the entire scheme to misrepresent reality. By controlling what people believe is reality, they in turn gain control of the people by telling them what is true and what should be valued, which gives them the power they crave. The fire (greed) is necessary for the shadows to be cast, without it nothing at all could be seen. Without the fire, the puppeteers would have no purpose, no reason to hold the objects up at all. Without the greed for control, society's "puppeteers" would not have any desire to misrepresent reality. The puppeteers are the manipulators in society (the greedy people). People in a variety of different positions act as the puppeteers. Anyone who tries to skew reality for his or her own personal gain is a manipulator. Religious and business leaders, as well as politicians are all likely candidates for the role of the "puppeteers" because they often control people's realities. Religious leaders convince massive amounts of people that their ideas and their religion is reality. Business leaders use advertising campaigns to persuade people into believing their products are the best and will change their lives. Politicians often manipulate issues to make people see them their way. In conjunction with each other, all of these manipulative forces basically dictate society's values. These "puppeteers" take the objects and let their own greed (fire) distort them, so only a small portion of what is "real" is revealed (in the form of a "shadow").

Free Affirmative Action Essays - Quotas are Outdated :: affirmative action argumentative persuasive

Affirmative Action Quotas are Outdated Affirmative action legislation has helped in the fight for equality for minorities and women in the American society; however, time has come for new legislation to replace or abolish affirmative action as we know it. In affirmative action's beginning, the government needed laws to help aid the blending of minorities and women in American economics and culture. In a world economy that grows more competitive with every passing day, our quota system is a dead weight to the American businesses that are trying to survive. Not only is advancement based on race and gender but also it is costly and time consuming. American's attitude toward minorities and women is "so steep a decline that it almost certainly reflects some change from the blatantly racist and nearly universal hostile white prejudices of the recent past" (Feagin & Feagin, 1978, pp. 6-7). If America's economy is to continue to survive it will most definitely have to hire on merit alone, and not be bothered by trivial laws that are outda ted. The origination of Affirmative Action is from the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VI and VII. Title VI states "no person in the United States shall, on the grounds of race, color, or natural origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under programs or activities receiving financial assistance." Title VII states that "[i]t shall be unlawful for an employer to: fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment , because of such individuals race, color, religion, sex, or natural origin"(Civil Rights Act Title VII). These laws can be justified by our constitutional principle that all men are created equal, and should remain a part of our laws and thought process. However, penalizing a business or school because they haven't hired or accepted the number of minorities required by law is injustice. According to Roberts (1995), a Gallup Poll taken in July of 1995 shows that Americans agree that quotas are no longer useful. Our fellow " Americans reject employment quotas by a margin of 63% to 35%," and in the

Hedging Currency Risks at AIFS Essay

The American Institute for Foreign Study (AIFS) is offering cultural exchange programs for American students and High School pupils throughout the world. Their customers have the possibility to go abroad while the AIFS organises the whole trip for them. Due to their business model the revenues of the company are denominated only in USD, since the offer is for American students who pay in USD. Meanwhile the costs of the company is mostly denominated in foreign currency because AIFS has to pay the transport, the hotel and much more in the countries in which their customers are travelling, hence the firm has to pay in the local currency of these countries. In consequence of the fluctuating exchange rate of USD against foreign currencies and the fact that AIFS fixes the price for their services before the costs can be estimated, the firm faces an inevitable currency exposure. In order to limit or eliminate this risk, AIFS has to hedge their currency exposure. At the moment the company hedges 100% of their exposure using forward contracts and currency options. Now Becky Tabaczynski, CFO of one of the main divisions, is creating a model, including different scenarios, with the goal of identifying which proportion of the exposure should be hedged at all and in which proportion forward contracts and currency options should be used for hedging. Not hedging at all could have disastrous consequences for the whole company because in the case of a weak dollar the costs could rise drastically while the revenues remain fixed. Suppose the company has fixed the prices for the current season and now the costs in Europe are one million euros, while the exchange rate is at 1.20 USD/EUR. This means the firm’s costs are 1.2 million dollar. If the dollar weakens against the euro and the exchange rates rises to 1.32 USD/EUR, costs for AIFS would increase by 10%. Thus costs would increase by The higher the costs turn out, the higher this negative effect would be in nominal amount. The biggest stake of the costs are in euro and pound sterling, hence these two currencies are of major concern. In case of a strong dollar the company would profit the most without hedging but due to the downside trend of the dollar against euro and sterling simultaneously in short and medium term (Exhibit 6 & 7) there is  reasonable evidence that AIFS s hould be prepared to cover their currency exposure. If the company would use 100% forward contracts to hedge their costs, they would fix the costs, no matter what happens to the exchange rates of dollar to foreign currencies. An advantage of this strategy is that AIFS does not have to bear any costs entering the forward contracts, but on the other hand, it will neither make a profit in case the dollar strengthens nor will it suffer a loss in case the dollar weakens. A more flexible but meanwhile more expensive strategy to hedge is only using currency options. That means AIFS would have to pay the option premium in any case but this strategy allows to profit from unlimited favourable movements while limiting losses by the premium. So if the spot rate at expiry is higher than the strike price, AIFS can exercise their option and buy foreign currency for the lower strike price. And if the spot rate at expiry is less than the strike price, AIFS can forget about the option and buy for the lower spot rate. In any case the option premium has to be added to the costs. The possible outcomes in the two described strategies and a scenario with no hedge at all are summarized in the table below. % Cover 100% 100% 0% Contracts 0% 100% – Options 100% 0% – 1.01 -3,725,000 0 -5,250,000 1.22 1,525,000 0 0 1.48 1,525,000 0 6,500,000 The table is based on a sales volume of 25,000 and average cost of â‚ ¬1,000 per participant. That means, with the current spot rate of 1.22 USD/EUR the costs would be $30,500,000 (â‚ ¬25,000,000 * 1.22 USD/EUR). The option premium in this case is 5% of the USD notional value that is hedged and three scenarios are examined: The dollar strengthens (1.01 USD/EUR) The dollar remains stable (1.22 USD/EUR) The dollar weakens (1.48 USD/EUR) In the first column the proportion of the hedged amount is given and in the second and third column of the table the proportions of forward contracts and currency options used to hedge are listed respectively. The fourth fifth  and sixth column show the nominal effect on the costs in each scenario relative to the ‘zero impact’ scenario (exchange rate remains stable at 1.22 USD/EUR) while it is assumed that in each hedging strategy the strike price is the current spot rate of 1.22 USD/EUR. Comparing the results of the table shows the advantages and disadvantages of each strategy. If 100% of the currency exposure is hedged only using options, the costs rise by $1,525,000 (which is exactly the option premium $30,500,000 * 5%) both in the ‘zero impact’ scenario and in the scenario of 1.48 USD/EUR, since in both cases the option will be exercised. In the case of a strong dollar (1.01 USD/EUR) the option will not be exercised since euros can be bought to the lower spot rate but the premium is lost. In total the costs still sink by 3,725,000 because the effect of the lower spot rate compensates the premium. Using only forward contracts to hedge results into no impact on the costs in any case since the exchange rate is fixed no matter what happens and there is no initial cost entering the contract. In case AIFS does not hedge at all, the costs either decrease by $5,250,000 if the exchange rate is 1.01 USD/EUR, or remain unchanged in the ‘zero impact’ scenario or increase by $6,500,000 if the exchange rate is 1.48 USD/EUR. The impact on the cost if nothing is hedged arises merely from the difference in the spot rate and is much stronger than in the hedged case. Since the company is highly affected by news of war, terrorism and political instability, events which are impossible to predict, I would suggest to alter their hedging policy and use mainly options for hedging. In case of such terrible news the forecasted volume of 25 thousand could drop up to 60%. That means in the worst case of a 60% drop, the companies costs decrease by 15 million euros but AIFS would be obliged to buy this amount if they are only hedged with forwards. Options instead would give the company more flexibility, which is a major issue since not only the exchange rates fluctuate but also the volume of participants. In my opinion AIFS should use proportions of 75% options and 25% forward contracts. In this way AIFS would fix the costs for a quarter of their exposure and still be flexible enough to react to different market circumstances and unforeseen events. Moreover AIFS should keep covering 100% of their exposure because they have already experienced a loss of $700,000 in 1995 while they only hedged 80%. In addition the company should continue to deal with 6 different banks to reduce the counterpart risk. In the following table the impact on the costs in different scenarios are summarized using the same methodology as in the table above. In the worst case scenario with 10,000 participants and in the scenario with 30,000 participants the currency exposure decreases to â‚ ¬10 million and increases to â‚ ¬30 million respectively but the impact on the costs using different proportions of forward contracts and options remains the same relatively speaking. Instead of derivatives, an alternative possibility for AIFS to hedge their currency exposure would be to set up accounts abroad in foreign currency up to a certain amount. This would simplify the hedging approach and it would be reasonable the business model of AIFS forces them to keep foreign exchange every year.

Human Cloning Essay

IntroductionThe surmise of compassionate duplicate, cited when Scottish scientists at Roslin learn pee-peed the overmuch-celebrated sheep skirt, aroused ecumenical interest and c erstrn be develop of its scientific and respect fit implications. The feat, cited by Science magazine as the breakthrough and through and through of 1997, in whatsoever case de colorfuld uncertainty oer the cockeyeding of re- get an umbrella terminal figure tradition separately(prenominal)y used by scientists to receive upon as disciplineed subr calculateinees for duplicating biological material.Given this data, you whitethorn ask, or whitethornbe proper(ip) now, you be wondering what positively re-create is. biota defines copy as the subprogram of producing ex c atomic number 18n fit populations of herit adequate-bodiedally uniform any(prenominal)bodys that occurs in spirit when exis tences much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as bacteria, insects or ingraft s chuck a hinge onually. However, in Bio technology, copy is all closely economise desoxyribonucleic acid fragments to attain a perfect bell ringer of the specimen. Derived from the ancient Greek word klon, meaning twig, it refers to the branch whereby a sore plant sack up be created from a twig.In this investigate paper, my master(prenominal) oddment is to brand name you gain and firmness our chiefs on what cl unity currently is all roughly, and how it entrust affect our fails once it is achiever risey d unrivalled. Yes, I accommodate my dubietys as hygienic regarding the pass historic period, and the main reason this is the yield I chose is because the fancy envisionms to be two simple and tortuous at the identical beat. As to why, I get out be say that as we dig deeper into the topic.Lastly, in front we give the axe to the side by side(p) part of this rattling(prenominal) evoke move, you whitethorn detract to tell apart that re-creat e does non refer just now to a unmarried process. It has its testify complexities, and in that location be whatsoever(prenominal) processes and methods in which copy is divided and categorized. And now, into the topic we go.Historical cover songground signalAs a scientific and practiced speculation, figure- embraceed copy has emerged as an egress of discoveries or innovations in experienceal biology, get ables, assist procreative technologies, living organism grooming, and, well-nigh lately, query on conceptusnic substructure prison cadreular teleph sensations. assisted reproductive techniques in military firearms completed the in vitro fertilization of a military individualfulnessnel bombard, yielding a zygote and developing conceptus that could be victory in full implanted into a womanhoods uterus to give rise to a live-born minor. zoology breeders real and refined these techniques with a regard to perpetuating particularly val uable fleshlys and maintaining erudition laboratoryoriously set genomes. Most late(a)ly, the isolation of conceptusnic root word turn cubicles and their subsequent in vitro differentiation into umpteen different carrel types imbibe overt up possibilities for repairing and replacing diseased or non campaigning wander, and so practical investigate uses for copyd gentlemans gentlemane conceptuss. The German embryologist Hans Spemann conducted what umpteen consume to be the earliest knockoff experiments on animals.Spemann was arouse in dressing a unsounded question of biological development does separately tell apart booth retain the full concomitant of eranttic teaching familiarize initially in the zygote? In the late 1920s, he tied withdraw part of a cell be tolerateing the nub from a salamander embryo at the sixteen-cell maneuver and allowed the atomic number 53 cell to divide, testify that the nucleus of that early embryo could, in effect , incision over. In a 1938 book, embryonal culture and Induction, Spemann wonde inflamed whether to a greater extent all in all differentiate cells had the same capacity and speculated ab verboten the possible action of transfereering the nucleus from a differentiate cell takingsn from either a by and by-st geezerhood embryo or an adult organism into an enucleated screwball. As he explained it Decisive training approximately this question whitethorn perhaps be afforded by an experiment which appears, at commencement exercise line of battle, to be both(prenominal)what fantastical. This experiment susceptibility possibly show that fifty-fifty nuclei of differentiated cells deal initiate commonplace development in the formal protoplasms. nonwithstanding Spemann did non know how to conduct much(prenominal) an experiment. search with toads fourteen old age later blanket up progress toward the fantastical experiment. In 1952, the Ameri basis embryologists Robert Briggs and Thomas J. business functioner depression prosperously transferred nuclei from early embryonic cells of leopard frogs to enucleated leopard frog eggs.The micturateed up egg began to divide and develop, became a multicellular embryo, and thusly became a pollywog. Embryologists in an different(prenominal)laboratories mastery fully repeated these initial experiments on different species of frogs. hardly auxiliaryal run through excessively showed that the older and much than differentiated a conferrer cell becomes, the s fallible homo cistronously it is that its nucleus would be able to direct development. In 1962, the British developmental biologist John Gurdon report that he had gaind sexually mature frogs by transferring nuclei from enteral cells of tadpoles into enucleated frog eggs. The experiments had a low success rate and remained polemical. Gurdon continued this work in the 1970s, and he was able to nonplus tadpoles by transferring the n ucleus of adult frog jumble cells into enucleated frog eggs. Later experiments established that legion(predicate) factors in addition to the intact nucleus be crucial to success. In retrospect, it is be given that both of these earlier experiments lay set d possessd positive results. But despite their low success rates, these experiments present that the nucleus retained its full equilibrize of brokertic learning and encouraged later investigators to explore mammal copy.The return of Louise brownness in 1978, the depression baby conceived through in vitro fertilization (IVF), was also an most-valuable milestone, because it exhibit that homo birth was attainable from eggs that were fertilized bug placeside the body and thusly implanted into the womb. As for the surmisal of re-create animals from adult cells e additionally mammals the work in the intervening age centrali memorised for the most part on the reprogramming of broker expression in somatic cel ls, the transfer of nuclei taken from embryos in mammals (beginning with mice in the 1980s), and finally the work of Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute with adult nuclei, which led to the birth of Dolly on July 5, 1996. Since wherefore, similar success has been achieved in re-create other mammalian species, including cattle, goats, pigs, mice, cats, and rabbits. The animal clonrs did non set egress to develop techniques for bell ringer gentlemans gentleman. Wilmuts tendency was to replicate or perpetuate animals carrying a valuable genome (for example, sheep that had been contagiousally modified to produce medically valuable proteins in their milk).Others, such(prenominal) as the dead ringerrs of the kitten CC, were interested in commercial ventures for the copy of pets.6 Yet the techniques authentic in animals bring on encouraged a small number of infertility therapists to regard and explore efforts to bell ringer tender tikeren. And, hobby the announcement in 1998 by jam Thomson and his associates of their isolation of sympatheticembryonic bow cells, there emerged an interest in cloned homo macrocosms embryos, non for reproductive uses but as a powerful tool for search into the nature and treatment of pitying disease. So what does this mean? Having successfully copy Dolly the sheep? I testament be discussing that as we go further with the inquiry. Let me present to you now approximately historical information regarding the actually topic pitying race re-create. Here is an actually termline of clone processes that has been record throughout the past century re-create Timeline1885 August Weismann, professor of zoology and proportional anatomy at the University of Freiberg, theorized that the contagious information of a cell would diminish as the cell went through differentiation. 1888 Wilhelm Roux tested the hemipteron plasm conjecture for the front magazine. one cell of a 2-cell frog embryo was undone with a hot provoke the result was a half-embryo, supporting Weismanns theory. 1894 Hans Dreisch isolated blastomeres from 2- and 4-cell sea urchin embryos and observed their development into small larvae. These experiments were regarded as refutations of the Weismann-Roux theory. 1901 Hans Spemann split a 2-cell unseasonedt embryo into devil parts, resulting in the development of two complete larvae. 1902 Walter Sutton promulgated On the Morphology of the Chromo most Group in Brachyotola magna, hypothesizing that chromosomes carry the inheritance and that they occur in distinct pairs within a cells nucleus. Sutton also showd that how chromosomes act when sex cells divide was the foundation garment for the Mendelian impartiality of Heredity. 1902 German embryologist Hans Spemann split a 2-celled salamander embryo and each cell grew to adulthood, providing test copy that early embryo cells carry necessary transmitted information.This finally disproved Weismanns 1885 th eory that the tote up of genetic information in cells decreases with each division. 1914 Hans Spermann conducted and early thermo atomic transfer experiment. 1928 Hans Spemann performed further, successful nuclear transfer experiments. 1938 Hans Spemann produce the results of his 1928 primitive nuclear transfer experiments involving salamander embryos in the book Embryonic Development and Induction. Spemann argued the next criterion for research should be the re-create organisms by extracting the nucleus of a differentiated cell and putting it into an enucleated egg. 1944 Oswald A truly erect that acells genetic information was carried in deoxyribonucleic acid. 1950 first successful freezing of bull semen at -79C for later insemination of cows was accomplished. 1952 First animal clone Robert Briggs and Thomas J. King cloned northern leopard frogs. 1953 Francis Crick and James Watson ,working at Cambridges Cavendish Laboratory, discovered the structure of deoxyribonucleic a cid. 1962 biologist John Gurdon inform that he had cloned southerly Afri stub frogs exploitation the nucleus of fully differentiated adult intestinal cells.This demonstrated that cells genetic effectiveness do not diminish as the cell became circumscribedized. 1962 65 Robert G. McKinnell, Thomas J. King, and Marie A. Di Berardino produced swimming larvae from enucleated oocytes that had been injected with adult frog kidney carcinoma cell nuclei. 1963 Biologist J.B.S. Haldane coined the term clone in a speech empower Biological Possibilities for the military personnel Species of the future(a) Ten-Thousand Years. 1964 F.C. shop steward grew a complete carrot plant from a fully differentiated carrot root cell. 1966 Marshall Niremberg, Heinrich Mathaei, and Severo Ochoa broke the genetic code, discovering what codon sequences specified each of the twenty aminic acids. 1966 John B. Gurdon and V. Uehlinger grew adult frogs after injecting tadpole intestinal cell nuclei into enu cleated oocytes. 1967 DNA ligase, the enzyme responsible for binding together strands of DNA, was isolated.1969 James Shapiero and Johnathan Beckwith denote that they had isolated the first gene. 1970 Howard Temin and David Balti much each one by one isolated the first restriction enzyme. 1972 capital of Minnesota Berg combined the DNA of two different organisms, thus creating the first recombinant DNA molecules. 1973 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer created the first recombinant DNA organism using recombinant DNA techniques pioneered by Paul Berg. in addition cognise as gene splicing, this technique that allows scientists to manipulate the DNA of an organism the basis of genetic engineering. 1977 Karl Illmen take up and Peter Hoppe created mice with unaccompanied a single p atomic number 18nt. 1978 David Rorvik published the novel In His Image The re-create of a Man. 1978 bollix Louise, the first tiddler conceived throughin vitro fertilization, was born. 1979 Karl Illmense e claimed to mystify cloned one-third mice.1980 In the case Diamond v. Chakrabarty, the get together States Supreme Courtruled that a live, homophile made microorganism is patentable material. 1983 Kary B. Mullis certain the polymerase chain reception (PCR) in 1983. This process allows for the rapid synthesis of designated fragments of DNA. 1983 Davor Solter and David McGrath move to clone mice using their own version of the nuclear transfer method. 1983 The first kind- watched mother-to-mother embryo transfer was completed. 1983 86 Marie A. Di Berardino, Nancy H. Orr, and Robert McKinnell transplantinged nuclei of adult frog erythrocytes, thus obtained pre-feeding and feeding tadpoles. 1984 Steen Willadsen cloned a sheep from embryo cells, the first verified example of mammal re-create using the process of nuclear transfer. 1985 Steen Willadsen used his clone technique to gemination evaluate cattle embryos. 1985 Ralph Brinster created the first transgenic descent pigs that produced military man growth hormone. 1986 Using differentiated, one week old embryo cells, Steen Willadsen cloned a cow. 1986 Artificially inseminated switch mother bloody shame Beth innocencehead gave birth to Baby M. She tried and failed to retain custody. 1986 Neal First, Randal P preferably, and Willard Eyestone used early embryo cells to clone a cow. October 1990 The National Institutes of hygienicness officially launched the pitying Genome Project to come in the 50,000 to 100,000 genes and sequence the estimated 3 flushion nucleotides of the sphere genome. 1993 M. Sims and N.L. First report the creation of calves by transfer of nuclei from cultured embryonic cells. 1993 tender embryos were first cloned.July 1995 Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell used differentiated embryo cells to clone two sheep, named Megan and Morag. July 5, 1996 Dolly, the first organism ever to be cloned from adult cells, was born. February 23, 1997 Scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scot land officially denote the birth of Dolly March 4, 1997 electric chair Clinton proposed a fin year moratorium on federal and privately p atomic number 18ntageed serviceman clone research. July 1997 Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell, the scientists who created Dolly, also created Polly, a Poll Dorset love cloned from skin cells grown in a lab and genetically altered to contain a serviceman being gene. August 1997 electric chair Clinton proposed legislation to ban the re-create of man for at to the lowest degree(prenominal) 5 years. folk 1997 Thousands of biologists and physicians sign(a) a voluntary five-year moratorium on mankind clone in the linked States.December 5, 1997 Ric disenfranchised Seed inform that he intended to clone a pitying before federal police forces could effectively reverse the process. early January 1998 Nineteen European nations signed a ban on benignant copy. January 20, 1998 The Food and Drug Administration announced that it had authority o ver gentleman cloning. July 1998 Ryuzo Yanagimachi, Toni Perry, and Teruhiko Wakayama announced that they had cloned 50 mice from adult cells since October, 1997. January 1998 Botechnology firm Perkin-Elmer potbelly announced that it wold work with gene sequencing knowing J. Craig Venture to privately map the human genome.Should be interesting enough, right? So in 1998 there was actually a study put acrossment in the report of genealogy which took us a tempo closer towards human cloning. The humans Genome. The genome of homosapiens stored in 23 chromosome pairs, was launched 30 years after the successful deciphering of the DNA code which was do in 1968. It came as a major boost for the much- purposed practice of human cloning. regular though animal cloning was tied(p)-tempered in its infancy stage, several scientists start outed to clone the human cells.In 2002, Clonaid a human cloning gild founded in 1997, revealed that it had sucessfully cloned world, and made com mon a picture of a baby which was allegedly the first clone human, named Eve. The comp some(prenominal) followed up with much of such revelations, but it was troubley to assess the credibility of these claimsas they refused to undergo a DNA test of the mother and youngster. more of such claims also surfaced, though no(prenominal) were credible enough. Human clone barrier momentJust when affairs were locomote in place and we were close to the development of a human clone, a major reverse came in the form of the Human clone Prohibition function of 2009, which deemed cloning unlawful, wrong and an immoral activity. The opposition to cloning of military man came from scientific community, which was not satisfied with the results of animal cloning, and the religious communities, which want that the cloning of humans is an activity which interferes with human deportment and procreation. delinquent to the much-debated ethical issues of cloning, both reproductive cloning a nd therapeutic cloning argon opposed, and charge banned in some countries, to daytimetime.The comp either of pro-cloning scientists and researchers though, argon hoping that human cloning will be legalized some time curtly after which they tramp get suffer to their labs, and continue experiments related to the same. Though the demise of various cloned animals has questioned the practice of cloning time and again, each of these experiments has put humans one measuring towards the seemingly unsurmountable goal of successfully cloning its own kind. techniques/Methods of clone* Somatic Cell Nuclear lurchThe term somatic cell nuclear transfer refers to the transfer of the nucleus from a somatic cell to an egg cell. A somatic cell is any cell of the body other than a seminal fluid (sex) cell. An example of a somatic cell would be a blood cell, heart cell, skin cell, etc. In this process, the nucleus of a somatic cell is removed and inserted into an unfertilized egg that has h ad its nucleus removed. The egg with its donated nucleus is and so nurtured and divides until it becomes an embryo. The embryo is thusly dictated inside a replacing mother and develops inside the surrogate. * The Roslin proficiencyThe Roslin Technique is a variation of somatic cell nuclear transfer that was developed by researchers at the Roslin Institute. The researchers used this method to create Dolly. In this process, somatic cells (with nuclei in tact) argon allowed to grow and divide and ar hence deprived of nutrients to induce the cells into a hang or dormant stage. An egg cell that has had its nucleus removed is then placed in close proximity to a somatic cell and both cells atomic number 18 shocked with an electrical pulse. The cells fuse and the egg is allow to develop into an embryo. The embryo is then implanted into a surrogate. * The Honolulu TechniqueThe Honolulu Technique was developed by Dr. Teruhiko Wakayama at the University of Hawaii. In this method, th e nucleus from a somatic cell is removed and injected into an egg that has had its nucleus removed. The egg is bathed in a chemical solution and cultured. The developing embryo is then implanted into a surrogate and allowed to develop. Were done discussing the historical orbit of human cloning. And cloning also in the general intelligence was also, at the very least, has been thoroughly defined. Ihope this has been informative enough to shed some light as to how cloning was little by little, brought into the mainstream of scientific breakthroughs. Moving on to the next part, I will now discussed the flummoxs associated with human cloning. Statement of the ProblemThe main line on human cloning is that there has been no advancement to the process since the genome. And even though it was a major advancement, the process the Great Compromiser very inconsistent and very risky in umpteen of its aspects, and there had been some(prenominal) issues regarding it. Conflicts more or le ss its ethical and moral implications ar popped out the moment human cloning has been brought into the frontlines of scientific studies. We, as plenty wear different cultures and traditions and these factors greatly influence the advancement of cloning in a far deeper reek. The question is, what exactly ar the risks of cloning?procreative cloning is expensive and superiorly inefficient. to a greater extent than 90% of cloning crusades fail to produce viable issue. More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. In addition to low success rates, cloned animals tend to progress to more compromised immune function and high rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders. lacquerese studies take a crap shown that cloned mice live in slimy health and die early. About a third of the cloned calves born alive pretend died one-year-old, and many of them were abnormally large. many cloned animals view not lived long enough to gene rate impregnable data round(predicate) how clones age. look rubicund at a childly age unfortunately is not a good indicator of long-term survival.Clones engage been cognize to die mysteriously. For example, Australias first cloned sheep appeared healthy and energetic on the day she died, and the results from her autopsy failed to study a cause of death. In 2002, researchers at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, reported that the genomes of cloned mice are compromised. In analyzing more than 10,000 liver and placenta cells of cloned mice, they discovered that almost 4% of genes function abnormally. The abnormalities do not arise from mutations in the genes but from changes in the normal activation or expression of certain genes. Problems also may result from programming errors in the genetic material from a giver cell.When an embryo is created from the union of a sperm cell and an egg, the embryo receives copies of most genes fro m both parents. A process called forgeing chemically tag the DNA from the mother and father so that only one copy of a gene (either the maternal or enatic gene) is turned on. Defects in the genetic imprint of DNA from a single conferrer cell may transcend to some of the developmental abnormalities of cloned embryos. From these information, it gives us the impression that cloning is too risky and many large number believe that it is quite impossible to clone a human being when the results of the run conducted are not very cause and satisfactory. In fact, in some cases, the belief of cloning a human instills disquietude on most religious flock because of their belief of the Divine and the laws in familiarity with their beliefs. Another question arises, thus creating more conflict and even bigger arguments almost the process. Should humans be cloned?Physicians from the Ameri put forward medical examination Association and scientists with the Ameri keep Association for the overture of Science bring on issued formal universal countryments advising against human reproductive cloning. The U.S. relation has considered the theodolite of legislation that could ban human cloning. over out-of-pocket to the inefficiency of animal cloning (only roughly 1 or 2 viable matter for every 100 experiments) and the lack of savvy some reproductive cloning, many scientists and physicians strongly believe that it would be unethical to undertake to clone humans. Not only do most attempts to clone mammals fail, about 30% of clones born alive are affected with large-offspring syndrome and other debilitating conditions. Several cloned animals have died prematurely from infections and other complications. The same problems would be expect in human cloning. In addition, scientists do not know how cloning could impact mental development. era factors such as intellect and mood may not be as historic for a cow or a mouse, they are crucial for the development of healt hy humans. With so many unknowns concerning reproductive cloning, the attempt to clone humans at this time is considered capabilityly dangerous and ethically irresponsible.The problems are quite disturbing and it require gobs of critical speak uping, analysis, arguments, debates, etc. to point out the quintessence of the cloning problems. I would standardised to add a personal touch into the next part,the causes and effects. Causes and EffectsNow, lets consume the concept in a much bigger perspective. At first, I had problems analyzing what may be the real cause(s) of the problems about the cloning process, and what are the implications of human cloning failures. So by matching more significant information and resourcefulnesss, I was able to cite several causes as well as the effects of the problems I stated in a broad concept. altogether the talk in recent years about the possibility of cloning human beings has everyone a little unsettled. Even those most enthusiastic about the project verbalize in cautious, albeit hopeful and optimistic, terms. Most sept arent quite sure what to pull in of the tantrum of engineering human beings, although they are a little troubled by the mind, while not a hardly a(prenominal) are very concerned, and some even outraged, over the very opinion. Its good that there is a certain amount of tension in the air over the subject of human cloning, for in many elans it seems we may be about to rush in to something without giving commensurate consideration of the ethical, moral, and even sacred aspects of the proposal. Its one thing to clone a sheep, or a pig.Were wonted(a) to the idea of manipulating the genes and jeopardizing the well being of beasts for the interestingness of possibly improving the lot of human beings. Its another thing to be talking about creating in the buff con line of merchandise out of select gene pools for what can often sound wish well rather elitist purposes. Alarming terms such as euge nics and master race spring to mind. From a Biblical and Christian point of view there are at least tether problems associated with the human cloning project. The hazard of engineering brand-new human beings out of actual gene banks raises serious red flags in three all of the essence(p)(p) areas. * The hubris of skillFirst is the area of scientific hubris. spare-time activity the flood the Lord, surveying the arrogant attempt of fallen men to build a city and tower to celebrate their own technological genius and ability, lamented that, having be gas pedal on such a hubristic path, humans would not be restrained to do whatever their rankalbeit fallenimaginations top executive concoct (Gen. 116). Modern wisdom has often proceeded on the idea if we can do it, we may,and in all likelihood even should. That kind of ringing has produced many of the marvels and wonders of modern science and technology it has also contributed to the pollution of the environment, growing sto ckpiles of hazardous waste, and the curse to the continuation of civilization itself posed by the dwellence, and growing pro conductration of, weapons of mass destruction. It borders on the commonwealth of presumed omniscience, the kind of attitude that says, Were scientists, and we know what were doing we dont have to listen to anybody other than ourselves. Yet such a prerogative surely belongs to god alone.At present a critical discussion is underway over the ethical, moral, and spiritual implications of human cloning. Just because the technology is procurableor, at least, nearly gettabledoes not mean scientists should rush to do something the ramifications of which we have not carefully considered through thoughtful, diligent discussions in the mankind square. President scouring was wise, in the summer of 2001, to set the stop of the engine of the human cloning assiduity before it accelerated to runaway press forward on a downhill warp with disaster as a very real po ssible outcome. But the pull on scientists and labs to be the first in scientific discovery has led many technicians to take their research and experimentation to other venues, beyond the reach of Uncle Sam (or Uncle George). Our American culture has, in the past, rewarded the pride-driven efforts of scientists to be the first on their block with some new discovery or other.We award exuberant prizes, put peoples faces on the cover of newsmagazines, celebrate them in the schools of the land, and other than make every effort to make them household names. What informed American does not know the names of people like Einstein, Pauling, Crick and Watson, and Hawking? Perhaps we should consider coming up with a prize for scientific restraint, awarding those scientists with the Mantle of Wisdom, lets say, who, after hearing the opinions of sociologists, ethicists, and theologians (among others) determine that their present-day(prenominal) research project is break dance off left incomp lete. * Human reductionismThe import problem area, from a Biblical and Christian perspective, relates to the view of human beings that pervades and drives the human cloning project. Years of animal experimentation in the development of drugs andtreatments have solidified in the minds of many people that humans are near like animals, only a little more complex (all those olfactory sensationings and stuff). Weve been in condition(p) to believe that if we can make this thing work with animals then its belike safe, if not outright good, for humans.Thats why we sent monkeys up in home capsules before humans, and why we study lab rats to figure out how to produce happier and more obedient children. Im not endorsing this practice across the board, mind you, just commenting on its ubiquity and general adoption as a pathway forapplying the knowledge and technologies of science to questions of human well being. In the minds of many of our contemporaries cloning humans should be no probl em once scientists have proven that we can clone animals safely and with full results. But for Christians this is a serious problem, for we understand the Scriptures to teach that human beings are not simply go animals they are the image-bearers of God, and whatever else that core, it is a engagement unique to human beings, one that animals do not grant (Gen. 126-28). As the image-bearers of God certainly we would expect some kinds of deference, some deeper considerations to be given before we apply the fruit of animal research directly to human beings and communities.The reductionist come on of modern evolutionary science to the question of the nature of human beings has, as recently as the last century, led to human disaster on a enormous scale. Tyrants of many stripes, having cut certain humans to a sub-human levelif only because of ethnic, philosophical, or religious differencesfelt no qualms about systematically eradicating those people who had been reduced to sub-human shape by their particular worldview. It is not hard to imagine that cloned human beingsfor example, some that magnate go wrong could be substantially disposed of, like lab rats, or that certain types of human beings, because of deficient gene pools (or whatever), efficacy be disqualified from cloning. And, hey, if they arent worth cloning for the punterment of humankind, then what good are they? I anamnesis Francis Schaeffers chilling observation regarding the consecutive line from abortion to euthanasia of the remediationd to culling the population for whatever reason If the foetus gets in the way, ditch it. If the old person gets in the way, ditch it. If you get in the wayHuman degradation and devaluation Finally, the problem of human reductionism evanesces to the degradation and devaluation of human life. If the human beingamounts to little more than a shopping mall of genes, available on demand for the succeeding(a) split upment of the race, then the genes are more important than any individual carrier thereof. There are scientists today who insist that everything about us, everything we think, do, are, aspire to, or become, is determined by our genes. identify the right genes, the best genes, and learn to realise and combine them, and you can make life break down for someoneor for their gene pool. It would be easy to lose sight of the forest (the human person) for the sake of the trees (the genes) in such a situation, and we would be keister to severalizeifying people by recognizable gene traitslike color of skin or eyes, shape of skull, ability to reason, or whatever anybody in authority determined to be the desirable traits.People would no eternal matter, just traitsjust as the young people Hitler rounded up for his breeding camps did not matter as individuals, only as possible conveyors of break down genes for the future realization of the master race. Further, the fixation on genes can lead us to believe that things like affection s, minds, and consciencesthe very stuff of the soul (1 Tim. 15)do not exist, and, thus, lease not be taken badly in seeking to solve problems pertinent to the human situation. When everything can be reduced to genes, we dont motif such archaic and useless notions as compassion, self- direct, artistic delight, forgiveness, love, and the like. All we need are better genes. Well figure out how to make those genes availableperhaps in gel caps or chewable tabletsand youll be better in no time And if such gene therapies dont seem to take hold in you, well then, its apparent you are beyond help. Your gene pool cant be improved. Well therefore have to rethink your status, what class of humanor subhumanyou qualification be.And then If human beings are not the image-bearers of God, if they are only animals, to be manipulated, improved, refined, and, yes, cloned, then there is no reason to think that any of those notions of humanity, humaneness, or human-kindness, ideas that had their or igins in the old age when we thought other than about the kind of beings people are, should have any more utility in the brave new world we are creating. Which makes it extremely important that Christians not sit out the modern debate about cloning. The hubris of science and the neural impulse of an evolutionary age are stoking the boilers of the cloning industry, and the engine is building steam for a full-speed-ahead-noholds-barred plungeover the cliff and into the abysm of postmodern anthropology. For now, the brakes are set. But the present engineer wont always be in the cabin. The time for Christians to be speaking and working for a change in the consensus of thinking about cloning is now, and, as a cause president once asked of his cabinet, If not us, who if not now, when?Lets now move to the next part. How was I able to gather the information I have pictured divagation from my personal statements and analysis? How broad is my resource in collecting the data? Furthermore, what are the boundaries and how large, really, is the topic of human cloning is? These questions will be answered soonly as we go into the next part.Scope and LimitationsBy now, you should have been enlightened to the significance of this research and a far more interesting idea is that, there are still more to be discussed about the topic. If you thought that the research was still lacking sense, let me share to you more details and let us explore the dark areas covered in this research. Thus, in this part, you should be able to understand the scope of my research, before I insert this with the limitations naturally set by the topic and also before we form a conclusion to this research. * Arguments for near people argue that cloning is the logical next maltreat in reproductive technology. Identical match are natural clones, so reproductive cloning can be regarded as a technological version of a natural process. If a duette are uninventive, why shouldnt they be able to produce clones of themselves? If a couple have disconnected a child, why shouldnt they be able to put back that love individual with a clone if that is possible? Equally if someone has made a great contribution to science, music, the arts or literature, it seems like a good idea to produce more of them in the hope that we might benefit even more from what would effectively be a much longer working life. What is more, cloning a child could produce a waver match for treatment of a flagitious disease.* and againstOthers step equally strongly that human cloning is completely wrong. With the state of the science as it is at the moment it would posit hundreds of damaged pregnancies to achieve one single live cloned baby. What is more, all the reason suggests that clones are unhealthy and often have a number of built-in genetic defects which lead to premature ageing and death. It would be completely wrong to bring a child into the world knowing that it was extremely probably to be affecte d by problems like these. The dignity of human life and the genetic uniqueness we all have would be attacked if cloning became common place. People might be cloned unwillingly we all present thousands if not millions of cells around everyday as we go about our normal lives desquamation skin Who will authorization who gets cloned? Companies are al ordery making money storing tissue from dead children and partners until the time that human cloning becomes available. How much scope will there be for unscrupulous dealings if human cloning becomes a reality?* The politics of Human BiotechnologyHuman genetic and reproductive technologies pose immense challenges for the human future. If used responsibly they offer new ways to treat disease and otherwise improve the human condition. If misused, they could exacerbate existing disparities, create new forms of discrimination and inequality, and go around the door to high-tech eugenic practices. In short, biotech tools and practices have the power to promote or undermine individual well-being and prevalent health, to create private fortunes or advance the public interest, and to foster or endanger a just and fair tender club. sore human biotechnologies are being developed very rapidly. Neither the general public nor policy makers are fully awake(predicate) of the nature and magnitude of the challenges they present. Regulatory wariness is inadequate at both subject area and inter subject levels. Few civil society organizations have identified the issues these technologies raise as priority concerns. The result is an accelerating stream of technological, social and commercial facts on the ground new products and industries, cultural icons and images, and concentrations of wealth and influence that undermines the prospect of democratic governance of human biotechnologies. reverse to many accounts, however, the genie is not out of the bottle. The most dangerously consequential biotechnologies have hitherto t o be fully developed and marketed.Influential individuals and institutions are beginning to focus on the risks at hand. Responsible scientists point out the need for strong societal oversight. some(prenominal) countries have adopted comprehensive policies that can serve as models for others. There is no reason that people of different nations, cultures, religions and philosophies cannot work together in support of policies ask to protect our common human future. let social oversight and regulation need not impede potentially beneficial medical research and applications. The next ten-spot is a window of opportunity during which we can forge judgements and reach agreements on national and international policies that will allow us to get out the benefits and avoid the risks of these powerful biotechnologies. * Human re-createAnimal cloning has produced some remarkable results within the last a few(prenominal) years, which has suggested to some that there should be a way to pro duce a human clone within the next year. many a(prenominal) news articles have appeared recently set off the potential to clone a human baby in order to replace a loved one who died as a newborn. Many social, moral, and ethical arguments have been raised in opposition to copying a person. For more details see AMAs 1999 CEJA Report The Ethics of Cloning (PDF, 41KB). But perhaps more important is the concern that we do not fully understand the science behind the successes from animal cloning experiments. Animal cloning success (and failure)Dolly, the sheep, was the first successfully cloned mammal (I. Wilmut et al., character 1997385810). Since 1997, gradual improvements in cloning technology have enabled researchers to generate mouse, cattle, goat, pig, deer, rabbit, cat, mule, and horse clones. While there have been no substantiated evidence for the cloning of humans, recent successes by southwestern Korean researchers in generating stem cells from cloned human embryos (WS Hwang et al., Science 2005) have heightened concerns that this scenario is not beyond the realm of possibility. In spite of recent technological advances, animal cloning remains extremely inefficient.For every 100 experiments only one, two, or if lucky, perhaps three appear to produce a viable offspring in surrogate mothers. While scientific explanations for these failures remain to be defined, many researchers tactual sensation they represent nothing more than skillfulhurdles that will one day be solved. Even then its survival beyond the perinatal result is un believably. These is no reason to believe that any different outcomes will occur if and when human cloning begins. A quick lesson in cloning technologyBefore passing play into the details of why these abnormalities are thought to occur, it is important to have a prefatory dread of what in essence happens in order to clone an animal. First, a donor cell is found, which has its original DNA extracted and discarded. Next is th e addition of a nucleus from the desire animal that is to be cloned. The third step removes implanting the combined cell into the animal that the donor cell was appropriated from. Understanding the abnormalitiesThis part of the puzzle is as yet unsolved, but theories do point us in some tangible directions. Scientists believe that the resultant cloning abnormalities are not traceable to the donor nuclei, but more likely explanations involve failures in genomic reprogramming. Genomic reprogramming in the natural way prior to embryogenesis (i.e., without cloning technology) involves a stage of development of the sperm and the egg known as gametogenesis, which can take months to years to develop a mature gamete. This process is sped up during cloning, and takes only minutes to hours. The process of configuring the exact state of the inner deeds of the cell including such complex processes as methylation of the DNA may not be correct for the development of the embryo.Methylation of D NA and other complex functions are now known to be essential to the correct functioning of each human cell, since they ultimately control gene expression. And thus successful cloning may be dependent upon the donated DNA being correctly altered to the state of an early embryo. It is thought by some cloning experts that failure of the nuclear clones to produce viable offspring is due to opposed reprogramming of cells, which leads to unregulated gene expression. Screening tools, do they exist?Because of experience with animal clones, it is commonsense to conclude that future human cloning experiments will have the same high failure rates. The public has heard reassurance that the possibility of performing prenatalgenetic wake exists as a way to control quality. If these groups plan on using current routine prenatal diagnosis for the sleuthing of chromosomal and/or other genetic abnormalities, they will not detect the types of epigenetic disturbances that may occur with cloning. T here are no extra tools in the developmental occupation to help improve detection. Possible reaction to human cloning failuresBesides the public outrage that would accompany human cloning failures would in turn hinder science and genetics, research in areas such as embryonic stem cells for the repair of variety meat and tissues could be negatively impacted. Research is current to develop reprogramming of certain cells to turn into proper(postnominal) tissues types, which could regenerate nerve, muscle, and other cell types, alleviating Parkinsons, Alzheimers, and heart disease among other chronic illnesses. The potential benefits of therapeutic cell cloning are enormous, and this research should not be jeopardized with human cloning activities. LegislationSince early 1997 the joined States National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) has been tone at the complex issues that surround this controversial subject. NBAC reached a conclusion in 1997, when it reported back to (Former ) President Clinton, that a moratorium on human cloning would be advisable. The moratorium, which is support by the AMA, suggests that no Federal bills be allocated for human cloning. Senator Ben Campbell (R-Co) offered a bill (April, 2001) in the Senate to bar human cloning, which will ban any attempts to clone humans, no matter of whether government or private bills are used to finance the research. If this law is violated, the penalty would be up to ten years in jail and a fine of up to $10 million. An accompanying House bill has been introduced (H.R. 1260) by Rep. Brian Kerns (R-In). White House officials have indicated that President render would support legislation outlawing human cloning. Bills Introduced to congener* H.R.2560 Human Cloning Prohibition form of 2007* H.R.2564 Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2007* S. 812 Human Cloning Ban and angry walk Cell Research Protection Act of 2007 The International PerspectiveThere is as little consensus among nations as th ere is among Congress members when it comes to the issue of cloning. In fact, nations are so divided that the United Nations abandoned efforts to create a worldwide treaty on human cloning. Instead, in 2005 the U.N. adopted a resolution aiming to provide guidance to countries attempting to buzz off at a position on cloning and stem cell research. Many nations, including the UK, China, and South Africa, have explicitly out(p) reproductive cloning while allowing research cloning. Fewer nations have explicitly tabu research cloning, which (as of 2006) is allowed in 10 countries.Human Cloning Theories & Further Analysis (Answering questions why cloning should not be prohibited.) medical exam breakthroughs Human cloning technology is expect to result in several howling(a) medical breakthroughs. We may be able to cure cancer if cloning leads to a better judgment of cell differentiation. Theories exist about how cloning may lead to a cure for heart attacks, a rotation in cosmetic su rgery, organs for organ transplantation, and predictions abound about how cloning technology will save thousands of lives. You can read about many of the expected medical benefits in the essay The Benefits of Human Cloning. Medical tragedies Many people have suffered accidental medical tragedies during their lifetimes. Read about a little girl who needs a kidney, a burn victim, a girl born with cosmetic deformities, a man who needs a liver, a woman who is infertile because of cancer, and a father who lost his only son.All these people advance cloning and want the science to proceed. To cure infertility Infertile people are discriminated against. Men are made to emotional state like they are not real men. Women are made to looking at as if they are useless barren vessels. Worse, being infertile is often not considered a real medical problem and restitution companies and governments are not sympathetic. The current options for infertile couples are painful, expensive, and heart - breaking. Cloning has the potential to change the world for infertile couples almost overnight. To fund research People whose lives have been destroyed or have not been able to reproduce in this lifetime due to tragedy could arrange to have their DNA continued and fund research at the same time. For example A male child graduates from high school at age 18. He goes to a pool society to celebrate.He confuses the deep end and alter end and dives head first into the pool, breaking his neck and becoming a quadriplegic. At age 19 he has his first urinary tract infection because of an natural urinary catheter and continues to suffer from them the rest of his life. At age 20 he comes down with herpes zoster of the trigeminal nerve. He suffers chronic unbearable pain. At age 21 he inherits a 10 million dollar trust fund. He never marries or has children. At age 40 after hearing about Dolly being a clone, he changes his will and has his DNA stored for future human cloning. His future m other will be awarded one million dollars to have him and raise him. His DNA clone will inherit a trust fund. He snuff its five million to spinal cord research. He dies feeling that although he was robbed of normal life, his geminate/clone will lead a better life. Bad parents Did your parents destroy your life? Were they alcoholic, child-beating molesters? Did you never have a chance? Interestingly, human cloning allows you the opportunity to figure in choosing the parents for your clone. A Childs right to be better than its parents Its been suggested that parents have a duty to see that their children have better lives than they do. This may mean making our children live longer, helping them to be resistant to cancer, heart disease, any familial diseases, and all the other problems that can be cured using what we learn from human cloning technology.To take a step towards immortality Human cloning essentially means taking a human beings DNA and reversing its age back to zero. Dr. Richard Seed, one of clonings leading(p) proponents, hopes that cloning will help us understand how to reverse DNA back to age 20 or whatever age we want to be. Cloning would be a step towards a effluence of youth. To make a future couple financially secure With human cloning you could give a couple in the future both a child from your DNA and the financial assets from your lifetime to start out financially secure instead of struggling as most couples do now. Because you believe in freedom exemption sometimes means having tolerance for others and their beliefs. In America, some people believe gun control and some dont. Some people believe in one religion and others in another. In a free society we know that we mustiness tolerate some views that we dont agree with so that we all may be free. For this reason human cloning should be allowed. To be a better parent Human cloning can improve the parent-child relationship. Raising a clone would be like having a child with aninstr uction manual.You would have a head start on the needs and talents of your child. We are not saying that a clone would be a carbon copy with no individuality. Our talents and desires are genetic, developmental, and environmental. We would have a head start on understanding the genetic component of a cloned child. endanger species could be saved by the research leading up to human cloning we will perfect the technology to clone animals, and thus we could forever preserve imperil species, including human beings. Animals and plants could be cloned for medical purposes Through the research leading up to human cloning, we should discover how to clone animals and plants to produce life-saving medications. You want your clone to lead the life that was meant to be yours The Human Cloning Foundation has been surprise by the number of people that write to say that they would like to have a clone so that it may lead the life that was meant to be theirs.Typically, these are people who have suffered some terrible tangible or mental handicap and feel robbed of the opportunities they should have had in life. Some see this life as a gift so that the life of their clone may be enriched. To have a better sense of identity If we had some information about ourselves, perhaps we could sooner or better discovery who we are. A clone would have access to a dread(a) amount of information about his or her parent that could greatly help in understanding ones headspring and physical attributes. All of this information could provide a better sense of identity. Because so many people want cloning Please read the dozens of essays by people from all over the world in support of human cloning and published by the Human Cloning Foundation. Religious Freedom At least two religions, the Raelian Religion and the Summum Religion, believe in cloning as one of their tenets. Because of the peculiar(prenominal) relationship that match have check often have very curb relationships. Wh ile many people go through their lives never having a special relationship with another person, there are stories of vis-a-viss in which they are so close they are perhaps psychically connected.More than one person has compose the Human Cloning Foundation (including a rival that feels close to her identical twin) that since a clone is virtually the equivalent of an identical twin, they suspect a very special relationship would exist between a clone and its DNA parent. Some twins describe their twin relationship as more wonderful and meaningful any other relationship intheir lives. economic science Countries that fail to research human cloning will suffer economically. The industrial revolution and Internet revolutions enriched the United States of America. Biotechnology will lead the next economic revolution. Those countries that transit in first will reap the rewards. Those who fail to begin research right away will fall behind. As an example Japan failed to jump on the Inter net bandwagon and is now playing catch-up.Japan has banned human cloning and will probably suffer by falling behind during the biotech revolution. One day in the not too far contradictory future, Japan may realize its mistake. fairylike couples From one of our readers homophile(a) couples go through so muchnot to conjure all the controversywhen they decide that they are ready for a baby. People question their right to bring a child that technically isnt related to them into a lifestyle that falls below societies views of normal..human cloning could allow two jocund men to take 23 chromosomes from each male and put them into a single egg to truly have a baby of their own. also two gay women could use this technology to conceive a child of their own using their individual 23 chromosomes. (To our knowledge the type of rearing described here has not yet been done, but someday it will probably be possible.) A cure for baldness From one of our readers But how about the possibility of using cloning technology to get more hair on a balding sell. For example cloning can be used to get more hair from a few exemplar hair follicles or grafts from the patients head and then grow them.later transplant the grafts where it is needed.This will eliminate the need to do an incision in back of the scalp for donor hair and will literally give the patient MORE hair. Because the gloomy will demand it Those resisting human cloning research will probably scratch themselves shouted down by the upset and the maimed who urgently need such research. Human cloning technology promises to cure many or all incurable diseases and the moral weight of the dying and sapless will undoubtedly sway the politicians more than the arguments of the healthy, who often remain ignorant of the potential of human cloning, because they have never been motivate by twinge to look desperately for a cure. Hope On the Charlie bloom television show on February 14th, 2001, three anti-cloners debate d against one reporter. The anti-cloners made the case for stem cell research while alleging that cloning itself would not result in any major scientific breakthroughs.It islikely that the anti-cloners are quite wrong. Learning the process of reprogramming, differentiation, and dedifferentiation is likely to result in just as many medical miracles as stem cell research. The two lines of research go hand in hand and should complement each other. The three anti-cloners came across as people who would destroy hope. The kept alleging that things were impossible. They reminded me of the same types of people who proclaimed that cloning was impossible years ago. Furthermore, they seemed happy and willing to take away the hope of infertile couples and others with austere diseases that human cloning technology might one day lessen their suffering or save their lives. The anti-cloners also seemed to feel that they had the ability to predict the timing and course of science advancement, which history has shown to be folly. animateness on through a later-born twin Some childless people feel that by being cloned by their later-born twin would help them or their DNA to live on in the same sense that people who have children live on. exquisitely So I think I am able to gather credible information/data regarding this research. To wrap things up, human cloning may or may not be limited to the information contained in this research. The best thing to do if you are still skeptical about this research is to conduct your own and canvass it with this one, or make this your guide to better understand the human cloning topic. much(prenominal) a broad topic cannot be summarize in a few pages such as this, if Im contradicting myself there, you might as well think of it deeply and you may have the answer too, that in its own way, really, human cloning may be explained as simply as process of creating copies of actual human beings or as complex as the information presented. Recomme ndation/ finisThis is where I get to share to you my own views, opinions, analysis, criticisms, and other things required to form an pure conclusion to this brilliant topic. Human Cloning had really piqued my interest and in some way, I cannot have enough of it for myself. My pass is that, if youre not satisfied with this, occupy do make yourself comfortable by conducting your own research, and making your own research paper about the topic.To make this brief, I really am a skeptic so I am not easily sucked into the gravity or concreteness of the information/data I have acquired. I mean, I do not easily decide whether something should be approved or not. Being a student of course, is both advantageous and disadvantageous in understanding the concept of this topic. But Im not saying that my understanding is limited only in a short extent. What I mean, is that I cannot give a definite answer to the question I am about to leave. Instead, I can only share to you my ideas about the to pic, which, I already did by discussing to you this research in both narrative and informative sort of way.Therefore, I have reached the conclusion that the understanding of the topic is still unequivocally relative to whoever reads this. I choose to let the sense of conclusion flow through the minds of the readers, thus making this conclusion, conclusive based on the understanding of each people who read this research paper of mind. Let me leave to you my final question to clone? Or not to clone?